Discussing The Characteristics Of Mobile Learning Information Technology Essay

Discussing The Characteristics Of supple Learning Information Technology Essay runny learning is the point at which rambling work out and electronic learning intersect to produce an alltime, bothwhere learning experience. As mobile phone becomes popular in the society and many people stop afford the cost, the demand of mobility is ext breaked to teaching and learning purposes.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBILE LEARNING lively learning is changing. It is todays content not old in the raws. On-line experts and best sources for emergencies ar available2Mobile learning operates in real time. Learners get what they need, when they need it2.Mobile learning is collaborative as people learn from one an otherwise. It connects learners with experts, colleagues and professional peers2.Mobile learning is individual. Every learner selects activities from a personal menu of learning opportunities most relevant to his/her background at that very moment2.Mobile learning is comprehensive. It pe rmits learning events from many sources enabling learners to select a favored format or learning method or training provider2.Mobile learning builds learning communities whose members forge2.2.2 THE deepen OF LEARNING PARADIGMSSourcehttp//www.te.ugm.ac.id/widyawan/mobilearn/MobilearnParadigm.pdf2.3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REVOLUTIONSSource http//www.te.ugm.ac.id/widyawan/mobilearn/MobilearnParadigm.pdf2.4 HISTORY OF MOBILE DEVICESModern mobile devices began with the Apple Newton in 1993, followed by the Palm take flight in 1996. Five years later, the pocket pc and the introduction of flash p socio-economic class were the contiguous signifi chiffoniert introduction and have since been apply for educational purposes. The next major development occurred when cell phones gained the capabilities of Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs) and merged connectivity.The various types of connectivity available through mobile devices include Wide Area Nedeucerk (WAN), topical anaesthetic Area Ne twork (LAN) and Personal Area Network(PAN). Within the bea of education, it was originally envisioned that handheld devices could serve as computer replacements in which full courses could be interpreted.Currently, thither exist multiple devices available for mobile learning, ranging from PDAs to video players to cell phones. Add-ons to mobile devices such as cameras, barcode readers and Global Positioning System (GPS) are similarly popular.2.5 USING MOBILE DEVICES FOR LEARNINGFigure 1 shows students access to mobile devices.MAP FOR MOBILEFigure 22.6 MOBILE LEARNING FRAMEWORKIt is predicted that the next phase of electronic learning development will be focused in mobile learning. Mobile learning is the point at which mobile cypher and electronic learning intersect to produce an anytime, anywhere learning experience2.The following is a proposed framework for mobile learningMobile Learning occupationsMobile user Infrastructure ( browser, handheld devices)Mobile Protocol(adoption of content with WAP)Mobile Network Infrastructure (cellular systems, satellites amongst others)Figure 3Level 1 Mobile Learning ApplicationsMany new applications are becoming possible and many existing electronic learning applications can be modified for a mobile environment2.Level 2 Mobile User InfrastructureIn the mobile user infrastructure level, the design of new mobile learning applications should cater for the capabilities of the user mobile devices2.Level 3 Mobile ProtocolIn the mobile protocol level, the aim is to hide the underlying entanglements details from applications while providing a uniform and aristocratical-to-use interface2.Level 4 Mobile Learning InfrastructureIn the mobile network infrastructure level, service quality primarily depends on network resources and capabilities2.2.7 CHOICE OF MOBILE DEVICE man various types of mobile devices can be used in mobile learning, the mobile device that will be considered during the development of the application will be m obile phone.2.8 MOBILE PHONEWherever you go nowadays, you can see people carrying their mobile phone with them. Mobile phone allows talk across the world, assorted countries and abroad countries.Nowadays, mobile phones do not only support voice calls, they can receive data and faxes, send short messages(SMS), access WAP services and provide full profits access victimization technologies such as GPRS.At the present time, mobile phones support receiving set technologies such asInfraredBluetooth3GWAP wireless fidelity2.8.1 LIMITATIONS OF MOBILE PHONEHowever, mobile phones possess various constraints that may affect their progress in the future. These are described as followsLimited storage microscopical runtime heapModest processor performanceLimited screen size2.8.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATEST MOBILEPHONES2.9 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES radio set Technologies denotes technologies in which the use of wire for communication is eliminated. Radio and TV broadcasting to mobile phone and B luetooth are examples of wireless technologies. The latter was un-imaginable till Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1886-1988 demonstrated the transmission and reception of wireless signals4.2.9.1 DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL WIRELESSTECHNOLOGIESRadioFM and AM radio is the first to use wireless engine room commercially. This brings wireless technology to the common man4. video recordingAnother step ahead with wireless technology is Television broadcast. This introduces wireless technology even closer4.MobileMobile Technology such as GSM and CDMA make a revolution on communication and it uses time division, frequency division and code division multiplexing. These include the la tryout and hottest example of wireless technologies4.GPSLatest and superlative technology that uses wireless is Global positioning system-radio waves are used for this4.Bluetooth/WI-FI/InfraredWith the introduction of computers, all these technologies are becoming popular to everyone. All these technologies are found on wi reless. Bluetooth uses short range wireless technology that allows connection to various types of electronic equipment like printers, mobiles, camera amongst others to computers. WI-FI is mainly used to establish a wireless LAN and wireless earnings connection which is called as hotspots4.2.9.2 INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL WIRELESSTECHNOLOGIES at that place are three technologies that best suit the communication of two or more computers using standard network protocol without network cabling. An overview of these three technologies is described belowWAPThe WAP protocol stack is made up of theApplication layerSession layerTransaction layerSecurity layerTransport layerIt provides an environment in which applications and services for portable and wireless devices are developed and executed.It includes a microbrowser, a markup language interface and push technology for the transmission of data to applications residing on clients plus multimedia message capabilities and content formats. r adiocommunication Application Protocol(WAP) or WAP 2.0 is next generation of the WAP spec that delivers a richer and more secure experience to mobile internet services and even printers.WI-FIWi-Fi stands for Wireless fidelity and is used to define any of the wireless technology in the IEEE 802.11 specification including the wireless protocols 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g. The Wi-Fi Alliance is the body responsible for promoting the term and its association with various wireless technology standards5.A Wi-Fi network can also be used to enable connectivity to a larger Local Area Network(LAN) , Wide Area Network(WAN) or the internet5.To be able to use Wi-Fi, you must be using a computer or PDA that possess Wi-Fi connectivity already working. Most portable computers can add Wi-Fi using an adapter that plugs into a PC card slot or USB port5.Wi-Fi is supported by many applications and devices including video game consoles, home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, major operating systems and other types of consumer electronics6.BluetoothBluetooth wireless technology is a short range communication technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or contumacious devices while maintaining high levels of security7.The structure and the global acceptance of Bluetooth Technology means any Bluetooth enable devices, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices located in proximity to one another7.Connections amidst Bluetooth enabled electronic devices allow these devices to communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc networks known as piconets7.2.9.3 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES COMPARISONThere exist numerous technologies to develop a mobile application. Hence, a comparison is made between these technologies in order to select the most appropriate technology depending upon the requirement of the system to be developed.Range Worldwide 10 m 100 mFrequency range 1000-Mbit/s 2.4 Ghz 2.4 Ghz dribble range 54 Mbps 1 Mbps 10MbpsPowe r High 1/5 of Wi-Fi HighPenetration Penetrate objects Penetrate objects Penetrate objectsLine of sight not required Not required Not requiredCost Cheap Cheap Cheap2.10 WAP TECHNOLOGYWAP is an enabling technology based on the internet client innkeeper architecture model for transmission and presentation of information from the World Wide Web(WWW) and other applications utilizing the Internet Protocol(IP) to a mobile phone or other wireless terminal. However, WAP is a global standard developed by the WAP Forum for wireless devices to access the intranet and telephony services. WAP can also be used to access data from corporate intranets through public or private IP networks8.Figure 3 shows the WAP services that are currently offered.Figure 42.10.1 FORMATION OF WAPEricson, Motorola, Nokia and Phone.com founded the WAP forum in June 1997 to create license-free standards for the entire industry to use in order to develop products based on WAP.2.10.2 WAP SPECIFICATIONSWAP is an open spec ification that defines a set of protocols application, session, transaction, security and transport layers. To leverage existing programming and development skills, WAP is based on existing standards and protocols such as XML, HTTP, UDP, HTML and Javascript8.The key elements of the WAP specification includeA well-known application development framework- The WAP transport model is analogous to the internet model, except for the gateway that is inserted between the web server and the client8.WML(Wireless Markup Language) as the standard markup language.A browser inside WAP services that parses WML and WMLScript8.A framework to support advanced telephony, like WWW to mobile messaging, call forwarding, mobile to fax access and address book access8.Figure 5Figure 4 compares a protocol stack based on the internet model to WAP. As you can see, numerous networks are included in WAP with the ultimate goal of targeting multiple networks.WIRELESS SESSION LAYER(WSP)The wireless session protoco l is an interface between the application layer and delivers all functions that are needed for wireless connections. A session mainly consists of 3 phases start of the session, transferring information back and forth and the end of the session. Additionally, a session can be interrupted and started again(from the point where it was interrupted)9.WIRELESS TRANSACTION PROTOCOLThe Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) is a transaction-oriented protocol, executed using a datagram service. WTP offers the following functions9Three classes of transaction servicesUnreliable one-way takesReliable one-way requestsReliable two-way request/response transactions elective user-to-user reliability featureThe WTP user triggers confirmation for each received message9.WIRELESS TRANSPORTATION LAYER SECURITY(WTLS)The wireless transport layer security is an optional layer or stack which consists of description devices. A secure transmission is crucial for certain applications such as e-commerce or WAP- b anking and is a standard in these days. Furthermore, WTLS contains a check for data integrity, user authentication and gateway security9.WIRELESS DATAGRAM PROTOCOL(WDP)The wireless datagram protocol represents the transfer or transmission layer and is also the interface of the network layer to all the above stack/layers. With the help of the WDP, the transmission layer can be assimilated to the specifications of a network operator. This means that WAP is completely independent from any network operator. The transmission of SMS, USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS-136 packet data and GPRS is supported. The Wireless Control Message Protocol(WCMP) is an optional addition to WAP, which will inform users about occurred errors9.2.10.3 HOW WAP WORKSA typical WAP network consists of the following components8User with WAP-enabled deviceGatewayApplication serverThe Application server can be located in either a public or private IP network. The gateway is normally located in telecom networks still it can be setup by a company using its own computer systems8.A typical scenario using WAP technologyA user with a WAP device requests content from the application server8.The request reaches the gateway first, which does the protocol translation from WAP to HTTP and routes the HTTP request to the destination server8.The server returns WML output and adds HTTP headers to the gateway, depending upon whether dynamic or static pages are requested8.The gateway converts WML and HTTP to binary form to continue bandwidth and returns a WAP response to the user8.The browser inside the WAP device interprets the WML and shows the contents8.2.10.4 WAP LIMITATIONSCompared to PCs, wireless devices are limited in terms of processing power, memory, battery life and display size. opposite issues of low bandwidth, latency and connection stability brings motivation to come up with new set of WAP technologies8.2.11 INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL MOBILE WAP(and Web) INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT programWeb development on mobile phones has long suffered from a rigid platform and the inability for mobile browsers to keep up with current web technologies. You could test your WML code with a cell phone but most providers charge a premium for Web access and testing could cost a lot. Instead, there exist emulators that are available, some of which are packaged with a full SDK while some even include a full Integrated discipline Environment (IDE).2.11.1 WML EMULATORInstead of installing an entire WAP SDK, you can install a WML emulator. An emulator allows you to view the contents of your WML files as they would be appear on the screen of a WAP-enabled device. There are various WAP emulators available. Some are illustrated belowWAP PROOF 2008 professional version 4.2.0327WAP Proof is an emulator of a WAP browser for Microsoft Windows, a universal WML, HTML and XHTML intended for designers of mobile content. It is designed for the preview and debugging of mobile websites.The purpose of a WAP proof is to em ulate the rendering of WML 1.3, HTML, XHTML Mobile pen 1.0 and Chtml documents by different devices. The mobile- oriented content is rendered exactly as if it was downloaded on the real cellphone10.The source code of the WML document can also be viewed as illustrated below.KLONDIKE WAP BROWSERThis is produced by Apache Software. Klondike looks like a Web browser and is therefore very easy to use for beginners. Local WML files can be accessed easily. Klondike WAP Browser employs the Wireless Markup Language (WML) through an implementation of Klondike WAP Microbrowser Engine, including character entities, text input and validation, single and multiple selection boxes, variable substitution, deck-card task and event shadowing, deck access control, rule and POST methods, variable escaping, timers, and BMPs and BMP anchors11.YOSPACEYospace is a mobile application s innovator and platform provider allowing digital publishers, mobile application developers, and mobile operators to rapidl y and affordably deliver mobile video services12. WAP developers can use the desktop edition of the emulator to preview WAP applications from their desktop as the emulator provides a reasonably faithful reverberation of the actual handset products.WinWAPThis is produced by Slob-Trot Software. WinWAP is a WML browser that works on any computer with 32-bit Windows installed. Moreover, it is web browser for WAP made by Winwap Technologies available for Microsoft Windows and any Windows CE powered device, like the common Windows Mobile powered Pocket PC phones13. WML files can be browsed locally from the hard drive or the internet with HTTP(as with your normal browser).2.11.2 WEB SERVER SERVICES SOFTWAREEasyPHP version 5.3.2EasyPHP is a complete software package that allows you to use all the power and the flexibility that dynamic languages like PHP offer as well as the efficient use of databases. Package includes an Apache server, a MySQL database, a full PHP execution, as well as eas y development tools for your applications.You can change MIME configuration in apache to make the server recognize WML pages, WMLS and WBMP.CERN serverIt is a generic public domain full-featured hypertext server that can be used as a regular HTTP server. The server is typically running on port 80 to serve hypertext and other documents but it can also serve as a proxy a server on a firewall machine, that provides access for people inside a firewall to the removed world. Furthermore, the server runs on most Unix platforms14.