THE SECOND COMING BY WILLIAM YEATS Essay -- essays research papers

William Butler Yeats, a multitalented individual won the Nobel Prize in 1923. Born the son of a well known Irish painter and religious skeptic had many influences in his life. Eventually, he converted to Paganism from Christianity. He is till this day considered one of the greatest poets that ever lived.To understand the meaning of William Butler Yeats poem The Second Coming, you must first understand the leaving between Christianity and Paganism. Yeats was raised as a Christian and turned to pagan mysticism later in his life. Therefore, we can find the subject of this poem by tracing his flow of thought through Christianity up to the point when he diverged from it.Christianity is based around the soul. The soul becomes healthy by its removal from the sin, which it inherits in the world. A healthy or virtuous soul is close to idol by contact with the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit can be considered the spirit of beau ideal on earth. Jesus Christ is thought to be the embodiment of t he Holy Spirit, therefore the embodiment of virtue.In contrast, Pagans worship the spirit of earth as a god, believing it to be the ultimate force, which is neither good nor evil. The religion states the more base human tendencies that Christians would call sinful would be glorified as the reflections of nature. These would entangle pursuits of pleasure, luxury, or sexual gratification. Many modern pagans especially the ones Yeats associated with do not dispute the ideas of Christianity concerning God and they do not worship him. Early leading of this movement, like Alister Crowley, with whom Yeats was associated with considered themselves Satanists in this right since Christians equate the spirit of the world with the devil. Yeats was certainly a Christian at some point in his life and makes allusions to Christian faith in The Second Coming, which would indicate that he lends some credence to it, so we can assume that he took the Satanist point of view.As the world turned toward s paganism so did Yeats. The poem, while on one level is an earnest description of the heighten that is occurring to mankind, it is also an earnest illustration of his change to paganism.The opening eight lines illustrate the strife Yeats had seen in his lifetime from a Christian point of view. They describe man as moving away from God in a desperate tone, obviously not written by a pagan. Upon his cries to... ... Alliteration surely some, stony sleep. Onomatopoeia is also on display vexed, slouches. The piece also includes some simile blank and pitiless as the sun, and metaphor stony sleep.The tone is hang early on in the poem. It opens with a neutral tone the non-realistic imagery makes the opening disengaged. The impact of the first two lines is not lent by tone, but by their peculiarity and imagery. The sense of devastation that pervades the poem is introduced in the second part, it is explicitly stated that things fall apart, and this is further emphasized by the manner of speaking anarchy, blood-dimmed tide, passionate intensity. However, the poem itself, which is so far dealing in abstractions, lacks this passionate intensity. Its tone could be described as anxious.In conclusion, The Second Coming is about William Butler Yeats belief in Paganism. He vividly describes this religion and compares it to Christianity in his poem. This message although hidden can be unveil through careful analysis and patient reading. This poem is Yeats way of telling people that the world will start to switch to paganism and as he already did at the time of writing this great piece of work.

Development and Transition Markers for Homosexuality Essay -- Homosexu

IntroductionIt is the duty of amicable workers to advocate for vulnerable and oppressed groups. meet aware of the life span development of various cultures, nationalities, ethnicities, social classes, and diverse forms of families enables social workers to identify areas that are unique and require further research. Learning roughly the unique aspects of various cultures and social classes also provide social workers with an enhanced understanding and ideas for social work implications on a micro and macro train in efforts to improve the wellbeing of the clients. This paper serves as a written analysis of homosexuality as a social class and discusses unique aspects of development, passing markers for various life stages, and implications for further research and social work practice.HomosexualityHomosexuals consist of gay males and lesbian females who prefer same-sex relationships. Homosexuality goes against all cultural beliefs, gender, and family roles that nightclub value s. As a direct result of going against social norms homosexuals experience a lot of backlash that impacts their quality of life and development throughout their lifespan. sexual practice DifferencesGender differences among homosexual males and females are unique aspects of development. When it comes to sexual orientation, society associates gender differences such as masculinity with men and femininity with females (Lippa, 2008). However in the social class of homosexuals, character associations with gender tend to be nontraditional. According to Lippa, most gay men believe that they are more feminine and less masculine in comparison to most heterosexual males while lesbians describe themselves as extremely masculine and less feminine in comparison to ... ...n childhood gender nonconformity and adult masculinity- femininity and anxiety in heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Sex Roles 59, 684-693.Muraco, A., LeBlanc, A. J., & Russell, S. T. (2008). Conceptualizations of f amily by older gay men. The Journal of Gay & lesbian Social Services, 20(2), 69-90.Ryan. C., & Futterman, D. (1998). Lesbian and gay youth Care and counseling. New York Columbia University Press.Skidmore, W. C., Linsenmeier, J. A. W., & Bailey, J. M. (2006). Gender nonconformity and psychological distress in lesbian and gay men. archive of Sexual Behavior, 35, 685-697.Swank, E. & Raiz, L. (2010). Predicting the support of same-sex relationship rights among social work students. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 22, 149-164.Taylor, H. (2000). Meeting the needs of lesbian and gay young adolescents. clearing House, 73(4), 221-224.

Chaucers Wife of Bath Essay -- Chaucer Wife Bath Essays

Chaucers wife of BathBefore beginning any discussion on Chaucers Wife of Bath, one must first confess that, as critic Elaine Treharne writes, Critical response to the Wife of Bath has been as diverse as it has been emotive (2). Some critics love the Wife of Bath and her debatable prologue, proclaiming that she is a woman of strength and powerful words others hate her and cover the eyes of younger girls, determined that Wife of Bath is instead a procedure model of what women should not be and the rest remain a bit confused, simply excusing themselves and the Wife herself. The question of whether or not the Wife of Bath ought to be admired or scorned continues to provoke a number of hands to raise in the air, ready to present yet another explanation or answer. Mothers continue to cover eyes and uncover eyes, not sure if the Wife of Bath is someone their younger generation should look up to. Although I go out the mothers hesitancy, I think they should reconsider before masking young eyes. Critic Elaine Hansen agrees that mothers should pull away their hands. She explains that the Wife of Bath is quite commendable, mainly because she, unlike more of the other women of her time, voices her opinions and thoughts. Hansen writes, It is hardly necessary to rehearse the reasons why the Wife of Bath might well be read as a woman who defies the pigeonhole of the passive, submissive, and fundamentally silent female (2). Furthermore, Hansen goes to on to declare that the Wife of Bath presents us with one of our earliest literary images of the female as a verbal artist, and that she is able to use words as strategic weapons in the war between the sexes (2). Not only does the Wife of Bath defy stereotypes... ... Online. Literature imaginativeness Center. 2005. Thomson Corporation. 26 August 2005 . 1-12.Straus, Barrie Ruth. Subversive Discourse of the Wife of Bath. Chaucer Contemporary Essays. London Macmillan, 1997. 142. repr. Online. Litera ture Resource Center. 2005. Thomson Corporation. 26 August 2005 . 1-4.Treharne, Elaine. The Stereotype Confirmed? Chaucers Wife of Bath. Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts. Cambridge D.S. Brewer, 2002. 93-115. repr. Online. Literature Resource Center. 2005. Thomson Corporation. 26 August 2005 . 1-23.Williams, David. Language deliver The Wife of Baths Tale. The Canterbury Tales A Literary Pilgrimage. Twayne Publishers, 1987. 53-100. repr. Online. Literature Resource Center. 2005. Thomson Corporation. 26 August 2005 . 1-5.

The Theme of Inner Conflict in Toni Morrisons Tar Baby Essay -- Tar B

Toni Morrisons Tar Baby, is a novel about contentions and conflicts based on learned biases and prejudices. These biases exist on a race level, sexuality level, and a class level. The central conflict, however, is the conflict within the main character, Jadine. This conflict, as Andrew W. A. LaVallee has suggested, is the conflict of the race traitor.2 It is the conflict of a woman who has discarded her inheritance and culture and adopted another trying to reconcile herself to the night women who want to bring back the prodigal daughter. The first of the contentions is that of race. As New York Times give Review correspondent John Irving aptly puts it Miss Morrison uncovers all the stereotypical racial fears felt by whites and blacks alike. Prejudice exists between the white and black mess in the house between the black people of the house the black people and the local populace. Sydney and Ondine Childs, the Cook and Butler in the house of Valerian Street, feel original to t he local black populace. Sydney remarks twice on how he is A genuine Philadelphia Negro mentioned in the book of that name (284). Part of this feeling of superiority aptitude be class-related. The Childs are very proud of their positions in the Street house-they are industrious and hardworking. The Dominique blacks are to them swamp women or horsemen--depersonalized figures. This is most apparent in their ignorance of their helps names--they knight Gideon, Thrse, and Alma Este Yardman and the Marys. At Christmas dinner Valerian adds epithets calling them Thrse the Thief and Gideon the Get Away Man. (201). But as Judylyn Ryan points out, two the superordinate and the subordinate exercise this prerogative of nam... ....38/.black/.bmorris.html LaVallee, Andrew W. A. Faces as Black as His But Smug-The Race Traitor in Morrisons Tar Baby. Online Internet. 1 May, 1997. Available http//ocaxp1.cc.oberlin.edu/alavalle/morrison.html Moon, Yonghee. Rootedness. Paraphrase. Online. Internet . 1 May. 1997. Available http//www.acsu.buffalo.edu/yongmoon/root.html Morrison, Toni. An Interview with Toni Morrison. With Tom LeClair.Anything Can Happen Interviews with Contemporary American Novelists. Ed. Tom LeClair and Larry McCaffery. Urbana U of Illinois P, 1983. 252-61. Ryan, Judylyn S. Contested Visions/Double-Vision in Tar Baby. Modern Fiction Studies vividness 39. N3&4. Fall/Winter 1993. 597-621. Toni Morrison, Contemporary Authors, Gale Research, 1993. Online. Internet. Available http//www.en.utexas.edu/mmaynard/Morrison/tarbaby.html

Greek Mythology and Religion :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Greek Mythology and ReligionMythology is the study and interpretation of myth and the frame of myths of a particular culture. Myth is a complex cultural phenomenon that can be approached from a number of viewpoints. In general, myth is a narrative that describes and portrays in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture. Mythic narrative relates, for example, how the world began, how humans and animals were created, and how certain customs, gestures, or forms of human activities originated. Almost all cultures get or at one era possessed and lived in terms of myths. Myths differ from fairy tales in that they refer to a time that is different from ordinary. The time sequence of myth is extraordinary- an other time - the time before the conventional world came into being. Because myths refer to an extraordinary time and place and to gods and other supernatural beings and processes, they deliver usually been seen as aspects of religion. Because o f the inclusive nature of myth, however, it can illustrate many aspects of individual and cultural life. Meaning and interpretation From the beginnings of Western culture, myth has presented a bother of meaning and interpretation, and a history of controversy has gathered about both the value and the status of mythology.Myth, History, and Reason In the Greek heritage of the West, myth or mythos has always been in tension with reason or logos, which signified the sensible and analytic mode of arriving at a true account of reality. The Greek philosophers Xenophanes, Plato, and Aristotle, for example, uplifted reason and made sarcastic criticisms of myth as a proper way of knowing reality. The distinctions between reason and myth and between myth and history, although essential, were never quite absolute. Aristotle concluded that in some of the early Greek creation myths, logos and mythos overlapped. Plato used myths as metaphors and also as literary devices in maturation an argumen t. Western Mythical Traditions The debate over whether myth, reason, or history best expresses the meaning of the reality of the gods, humans, and nature has continued in Western culture as a legacy from its earliest traditions. Among these traditions were the myths of the Greeks. Adopted and assimilated by the Romans, they furnished literary, philosophical, and artistic inspiration to such later periods as the Renaissance and the romantic era. The pagan tribes of atomic number 63 furnished another body of tradition.

Greek Mythology and Religion :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Greek Mythology and ReligionMythology is the study and interpretation of fabrication and the body of myths of a bad-tempered culture. Myth is a complex cultural phenomenon that can be approached from a number of viewpoints. In general, myth is a narrative that describes and portrays in symbolic terminology the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture. Mythic narrative relates, for example, how the world began, how humans and animals were created, and how certain customs, gestures, or forms of human activities originated. Almost all cultures possess or at one time possessed and lived in terms of myths. Myths differ from fairy tales in that they refer to a time that is different from ordinary. The time sequence of myth is extraordinary- an other time - the time before the conventional world came into being. Because myths refer to an extraordinary time and place and to gods and other supernatural beings and processes, they have usually been seen as aspects of religio n. Because of the inclusive nature of myth, however, it can illustrate many aspects of individual and cultural life. Meaning and interpretation From the beginnings of Western culture, myth has presented a problem of meaning and interpretation, and a history of controversy has gathered about both the value and the status of mythology.Myth, History, and Reason In the Greek heritage of the West, myth or mythos has always been in tension with reason or logos, which signified the sensible and analytic mode of arriving at a true account of reality. The Greek philosophers Xenophanes, Plato, and Aristotle, for example, exalted reason and do sarcastic criticisms of myth as a proper way of knowing reality. The distinctions between reason and myth and between myth and history, although essential, were never quite absolute. Aristotle think that in some of the early Greek creation myths, logos and mythos overlapped. Plato used myths as metaphors and also as literary devices in developing an ar gument. Western fab Traditions The debate over whether myth, reason, or history best expresses the meaning of the reality of the gods, humans, and nature has continued in Western culture as a legacy from its earliest traditions. Among these traditions were the myths of the Greeks. Adopted and assimilated by the Romans, they furnished literary, philosophical, and artistic inspiration to such later periods as the Renaissance and the romantic era. The pagan tribes of Europe furnished some other body of tradition.

Living in Global Cities

Living in a orbicular city does not expose community to diverse cultures that en fit them to develop well-rounded personalities and multicultural outlooks, but it is also vital into developing a global perspective within them. WXwS1Upon entrance of the 1990s, the tone of global city was first brought into play by Saskia Sassen. In her first book on this subject, The Global City (1991), she analyzed raw(a) York, London and capital of Japan as examples of cities which in the two last decades advanced to the status of global cities. Later, she includes other cities in this category like Miami, Toronto and Sydney, as pointed out in her subsequent book, Cities in a World Economy (1994).Under definite circumstances, Sassen suggested that Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Zurich, Frankfurt, Mexico City and Sao Paulo may also be included in the category of global cities, because they fulfill the prerequisites for certain transnational economic transactions. For a better understanding of Sassens ideas, she defined global cities as key sites for the advanced services and telecommunications facilities necessary for the implementation and management of global economic operations. They also tend to concentrate the headquarters of firms, especially firms that operate in more than one country (1994, p.19).When the global cities sprouted, new inequalities among these cities became at focus. Nations and their impressiveness within traditional commercial and economic webs lost their privileged positions. The importance of national states started to shrink and certain global cities became more important in the globalized landscape painting than whole nations. A new combination of spatial dispersal and global integration created new strategic roles for major cities like New York, London and TokyoBeyond their long history as centers of international trade and banking, these cities at a time function in four new ways first, as highly strong command points in the organization of the sphere economy second, as key locations for finance and for specialized service firms, which have replaced manufacturing as the leading economic sectors third, as sites of production, including the production of innovations, in these leading industries and fourth, as markets for the products and innovations produced (1991, p. 3-4).As Manuel Castells proclaimed, Global cities are the new pillars of the learningal era (1996, p. 9). These cities provide the full infrastructure needed by the world economy for the realization of international transactions. This includes good airports, hotels, telecommunications, media, Internet, banking, security, stock exchange, and so on.The global cities have a significant number of qualified and efficient people able to supply and produce all necessary services. They are marketplaces able to absorb and recycle all financial flows and transactions. That is why it is important to remember that this hierarchy may change very fast under constantly chang ing economic conditions. These are the challenges of living in a global city where change is unremarkably fast and people living it could develop that quick sense of adaptation to changes. WXwS2Moreover, global cities also enable people to have an increase in availability of areas for socialization.WXwS3 Business is booming and the areas outside of a city are affected by it. As the distance away from a community increases, its influence on the surrounding countryside decreases. Many residents will feel that they are able to have the best of both worlds, to be exchangely placed yet able to urinate away to their second home. In global cities, people are provided with parks and lots of things to do.Although it is undeniable that living in global cities are expensive, but the charge people pay will be diminished by the accessibility to virtually everything that modern people should have. The redistribution of population caused by suburbanization resulted to spatial and political s equestration of social groups of the global cities. The upwardly mobile resident of the city younger, wealthier, and better educatedtook advantage of the automobile and the freeway to leave the central city.The sufferinger, older, least-advantaged urbanites were left behind. The central cities and the suburbs became increasingly differentiated. Large areas within those cities now contain only the poor and minority groups (including women), a population little able to pay the rising cost of the social services that their numbers, neighborhoods, and condition require.The corporate complex and the immigrant community today are probably two extreme modes in the formation and appropriation of urban space. The urban form represented by the global city function the internationalized corporate services complex and the highly paid professional work lastingness with its high-priced lifestyle is the one habitually thought to constitute the essence of an advanced post-industrial economy.The urban form represented by the immigrant community, or more specifically, the idle economy, is habitually seen as not belonging to an advanced economy, one to be found here only because it has been imported via immigration (Sassen, 1993). This phenomenon has increasingly segregated the poor and minorities, being trapped in global cities, without the possibility of nearby employment and are isolated by distance, immobility, and un advisedness from the few remaining low-skill jobs, which are now largely in the suburbs.Indeed, it is undeniable that there are huge problems when people choose to live in a global city like New York or San Francisco. However, people should also take part in the macro-structural changes in global economy.The transformation of the industrial into the informational society and the changing emphasis on information rather than material production have produced profound structural changes affecting the organization of societies, their labor force strategies, an d the power structures of the state. As we are all aware that globalization is a vital concept in our time, living in a global city will eventually expose people to a global culture that is essential to widening knowledge in helping our nation achieve its economic goals.ReferencesCastells, M. (1996). The Rise of Network Society, Oxford Blackwell.Sassen, S. (1991). The Global City. New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.Sassen, S. (1993). Rebuilding the Global City Economy, Ethnicity and Space. Social Justice, 20(3-4), 32+.Sassen, S. 1994. Cities in a World Economy. Thousand Oaks, CA, London and New Delhi Sage.WXwS1MAJOR PREMISEWXwS2FALLACY OF RELEVANCE WXwS3MINOR PREMISE

Key Question Biology Essay

1) Mg2+ Has 10 electrons.2) Carbon -14 would not be effective at dating bones that argon millions of years old. Carbon -14 is effective at dating to a maximum of 40 000 to 50 000 years old. The isotope decays over time and would not be present on bones that are millions of years old. 3) Hydrolysis peeing used to insuredown molecules. Hydro means water and lysis means to breakdown. An example of hydrolysis in action within our bodies is how our body breaks down protein into amino acids. Water is used to break protein down in to its amino acids.Condensation- Condensation is when two molecules combine and form one bigger molecule. It is exact opposite process of hydrolysis. It is also called dehydration deductive reasoning because water is removed dehydrated in forming of new molecule. This reaction happens in our bodies when we form muscle tissue.Oxidization-Reduction (REDOX)- This reaction describes the process of transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. The gaining of electrons is known as reduction and losing electrons is called oxidization. It is usually referred to as REDOX (REDuction/OXidization). One example of redox within our bodies is during cellular respiration. Question 4 is a chemical equation representing this process. neutralization reaction Involves acids and instals and producing water and a salt. Acids contain Hydrogen Ions and Bases contain Hydroxide Ions. The best example of neutralization in our bodies is the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer. It contains acid and base and maintains our bloods Ph level. If our blood becomes acidic or basic this buffer neutralizes conditions.4) C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2Oa) Carbon atoms in glucose are being oxidizedb) Oxygen is being reduced unit of measurement 1 Lesson 2 Key Questions5)a) Carbohydrates monomer(s) is monosaccharides which are simple sugars.The perishal groups of carbohydrates are carbonyl and hydroxyl. The linkage type is a glycosidic bind. Carbohydrates primary function is to provi de energy for the body. b)Proteins monomer(s) are called amino acids. The functional groups are called aminos and carboxyls. The linkage type is by using a peptide bond. The primary function of protein is build and repairs the body. c)Lipids monomer(s) are called fatty acid and glycerol. The functional group is called ester. The linkage type of lipids is non polar bonds or sometimes called ester bonds. The primary function of lipids is energy, hormone production and insulation of the body. D)Nucleic Acids monomer(s) are called nucleotide. The functional group is dna(Deoxyribonucleic acid) and rna(Ribonucleic acid). The linkage type is covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. The primary function of nucleic acid is to store and transfer genetic material.6)Box on compensate illustrates the peptide bond resulting from the condensation of both the amino acids. The box on the left illustrates the separation of the hydroxide group from glycine and the hydrogen atom from valine. 7)a) You would do the benedicks reagent shew for simple sugars and the Lugols solution or Iodine test for polysaccharides and starch. To test the lipids you would use the Sudan iV test and Biurets reagent test for protein. b) Benedict test the solution color will change from blue to pink/orange red, indicating simple sugars are present. Lugols test the solution color will change from white-livered brown to dark purple, indicating starch and polysaccharides are present. Sudan iV test the lipid content will turn into red, indicating lipids are present. Biuret test the solution colour will change from Blue to pink, indicating protein is present.UNIT 1 Lesson 3 Key Questions8) Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, with by being consumed by the reactions themselves. For the reaction to occur, the reactions have to scourge the activation energy barrier. The enzymes work by diminishedering the activation energy. The two substrates are bounded and optimally positioned, the re action arouse proceed to form or break chemicalbonds. You must mention the presence of successive collisions.9)a) Enzymes work in very limited temperature and Ph range. If Ph is altered even or so it can slow down or completely stop the enzymes action. It is a concept known as enzyme specificity. When pH of a particular medium changes, it leads to regeneration in the shape of the enzyme or the substrate and if denaturation occurs the process stops completely. b) The relationship between rate of reaction and concentration of substrate depends on the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. The higher(prenominal) the substrate concentration the more(prenominal) quickly product is formulated (rate of reaction increases) until enzyme saturation is reached at which time more substrate has no further effect. 10)Enzyme A the optimal Ph seems to be Ph4 and Optimal Temperature seems to be 370 c. Enzyme B the optimal Ph seems to be Ph7 and the optimal temperature is a range between 40c -80oc. Enzyme C the optimal Ph seems to be a range between Ph1 and Ph 13 and the optimal temperature seems to be 200c.11)Three benefits of enzymes in food technology areAlternatives to chemical based technology, can replace chemicals in many processes. This can allow real advances in the environmental performance of production processes, through demoralise energy consumption and biodegradability. to a greater extent specific in action than synthetic chemicals. Processes which use enzymes therefore has fewer side effects and waste byproducts, producing higher quality products. Allow processes to be carried out which would otherwise be impossible. Like changing colour of food products or allowing products to be clear like apple juice uses pectinase enzyme.Unit 1 Lesson 4 Key Questions12) Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate or energy. Muscle cells contract and use energy at a rapid rate and require more ATP than a fat cell would require. Muscles are required for movement so e ach movement requires ATP and muscle cells in mammals also are sued to produce heat, also requiring more ATP. Fat cells are energy storage. 13)a) Diffusion does not require energy, Active Transport require energy or ATP. b)Diffusion goes from high to low concentration while active transport goes from low to high. 14)Receptor-mediated endocytosis has receptor, and is specific, only certain specific molecules can enter. Phagocytosis surrounds its food without really knowing what it is, cell membrane engulfs bad molecule with a vesicle. 15) Integral proteins allow polar molecules like water to pass through the non polar interior of the membrane. Cholesterol makes the membrane sturdy and more rigid than it would be without.16)A) The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the movement of water in and out of a carrot-osmometer as a result of being fixed in two different solutions distilled water, and a 10% salt solution. B) Beaker A contained distilled water Whenever there is move ment of water, it is from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. as theres a alight in the water level in beaker B. This is because the cells of the carrot placed in beaker B have a lower water potential than the distilled water on the outside. So water molecules undergo osmosis from higher water potential to lower, from the outside water into the cells of carrot. This results in the fall in water level.17) Salt water when used for rinsing address becomes hypertonic in relation to the fluid inside the cell of the gums that are swelled. As the fluid of two concentrations is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, osmosis starts to make a balance. In this process fluid comes out of the cells of the gums to make fluid in mouth isotonic to intracellular fluid. This helps reducing intracellular fluid and thus reducing the swelling of the gums.

Art & Literature Have No Place in the Modern World Essay

Creating and expressing singles self through various media, such as art and literary productions, has been a desire of mankind since the beginning of time. Art form and books has been calld to express mankinds deepest observations, most profound thinking and firmest beliefs it encompasses many genres such as paintings,drama, poetry and novels. While both the physical arts and belles-lettres are a form of self-expression, each overly represents a profession. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become.This dictum is perhaps the most appropriate description of the importance of literature in our lives. As Amy Lowell quotes, Art is the desire of a man to express himself, to record the reactions of his temperament to the world he lives in. When we look around us, we see a lot of things that relate to art.. , contain art.. , are art.. and shows art.. Art is everyplac e beca ingestion people need to use it for daily uses. Art washbasin come in the form of many things, including posters, murals, portraits, covers, paintings and more. This is enough to show how art and literature are blended into our lives.Music, paintings, sculptures, epics, fictions, movies, stories. and so on and so forth are all a part of us. Is there a home in this modern world without a painting on the wall or a deck which doesnt hum their favourite tune or a rack with Fredrick Forsyth or James Hadley Chase novels? regular a child of this generation has his ears plugged all the time either listening to a soulful raga or a foot tapping Michael Jackson and interpreting either a religious book or a comic or an encyclopedia. this is the common usage of art and literature.Art can also be used to liven up things in this world. It may not have a specific idea or meaning but it can be used to make things look better and more complete. When you write a project, it looks dull just w ith words, but when you add a picture or two to it, it looks much better because now there is visual aid. Art is found everywhere, including parks, school, malls,homes and is used just to make the place more comfortable and standardisedable to the eye. It can sometimes act as filler because it looks better than to just leave something on its own.It is through reading material great literary and poetic works, that one understands life. They help a person take a closer look at the disparate facets of life. In many ways, it can change ones perspective towards life. Lives of brilliant achievers and individuals who have made a valuable contribution to society, are sketched in their biographies. These works give the readers an insight into the lives of these eminent people and sometimes help people change for the good. Friends, dont you agree that Art and literature are great tools for learning.They can be found almost everywhere where there is a school. They are important because of what they can be used for. It is fun and acts as an interactive tool for learners who learn to appreciate art and literature for what it can do for them. In the process, people can learn a lot. Sometimes, art and writing go hand in hand. Art and literature serves as an enormous information base. Many people depend on art and literature. People who draw and write are not the only people who use and make money out of it.People who are book publishers, magazine editors, newspaper people, painters, actors all need to use art to supplement their work. Art and literature are used by some people directly andsome indirectly. People can choose to make a profession out of this because it is fun for them it is something that they like to do, and more. Hence I strongly believe that we had art and literature in our blood since ages and is still used and appreciated by us in different forms in the modern world. There is not even a single person in this room who doesnt love music or reading

Bartelby & story

The narrator tries all the way through the story to truly empathize with Bartleby, but he never take away overly deep because he is concerned about saving himself. He thinks that doing good deeds for Bartleby will look good for him as well. The narrator, however, sticks with Bartleby longer than well-nigh of us would.Bartleby is frustratingly honest about life. He is throroughly unexcited about life in general, and the narrator is maybe a little afraid that he is too much like Bartleby. However, he is an eminently safe man who has made peace with the modern world by working for rich clients but has no inner passion.2. Turkey, Nippers and spice up Nut ar oddly named characters. Turkey and Nippers are named for the volatility of their character and are in themselves caricatures. Turkey gets drunk in the good afternoon and becomes enraged at the slightest thing thereafter in other words, he acts like a real turkey. Nippers is irritable and angry in the morning when he might nip som eone. As the day goes on, he is able to get some work done. The two of them together do the work of one man. Ginger Nut is so named because he brings the office Ginger Nut cakes.Their nicknames tell the reader that they are unreliable in assessing Bartleby, since someone could assume by their actions that they are crazy too. These characters also serve to show what the boss already puts up with. 3. Bartleby might want his story told in order to emphasize the futility of the world. He loses two jobs due to some sort of administrative change, and the world does not provide an environment for him that he can become excited about. The tone of his last statement, Ah, Bartleby Ah, manhood is a final sigh in the life of someone who has given up completely. Bartleby has not helped anyone, including himself. He may want to warn us of the dresser of striving to make a living and the bleakness of the business world. He may also want to show us in a much realistic way what becomes of the non conformist in society. It is wonderful for all of us to think about not being part of the crowd, but the reality is truly different. Not being one of the crowd makes for a long and lonely existence. Works Cited Melville, Herman, Bartle

Greek Society

Greek emphasis on reasoning bring to their views of nature and society? ADDED Greeks broke with the onomatopoeic outlook and started to view the somatic world and hu compositione activities through reasoning and logical intellection. What changes did It make to nature and society? -Emphasis on reason tag a turning point for human collocation A) Philosophy -Marks the beginning of scientific thought, had an awareness of cause and effect, exploring the natural phenomena, principles of universe. Traditional mythical explanations are dismissed. -egg. Earthquakes normally held belief that it was caused by Poseidon, god of the EAI, was offered with a logical explanation on how the earth floated on water. Discovered water as an element and rainbows certainly was non the goddess Iris. Parricides concept of unchanging reality apprehended by thought alone Influenced Plato and Is the foundation of metaphysics- the branch of philosophy that attempts to define ultimate reality, or Being. De mocratic from Greek mainland renewed the Ionians concern with the world of matter and reaffirmed their confidence in knowledge derived from sense perfection- and the senses indicated that change did occur in nature. -model of universe empty space and an blank space number of atoms- a world of colliding atoms- everything behaved according to mechanical principles.Therefore essential to scientific thought thus emerged in embryonic form with Greek philosophers 1) Natural explanations for physical occurrences (Ionians) 2) The mathematical order of nature (Pythagoras) 3) Logical proof (Parricides) 4) Mechanical structure of the universe (Democratic) with all these logical reasoning and ways of knowing, Greek philosophers pushed thought in a new direction. This approached allowed critical analysis of theories, whereas myths, accepted unconditionally on faith and authority, did not promote discussion and questioning. Made possible theoretical thinking and the systemization of knowledge- a s distinct from the mere observation and collection of data. - do attempt to prove underlying mathematical principles- demonstrate that certain conclusions must flow from certain hypotheses. -able to chance upon between magic and medicine. B) The Sophists -early Greek thinkers. -theyre the professional teachers and urged that Individuals Improve themselves ND their cities by applying reason to their tasks. -they answered a practical need in the Persian Wars. Sophists again arrived at a broader conception of humanity. That slavery was based on force or chance, that Pl were not slaves or master by nature, all Pl were fundamentally alike. -applied reason to human affairs- divine was useless and its a human invention to prevent Pl from committing crime. -applied reason to law- all these to instill fear to citizens. -however, their doctrines encouraged loss of respect for authority, disobedience to law, remissness to civic duty ND selfish individualism- dangerously weakening community bonds.C) Socrates -to comprehend nature, cosmologists discovered theoretical reason. -Socrates attacked sophist relativism and questions them the questions that really mattered- what is the purpose of live? The values? How to be perfect? But the sophists failed to answer. -indeed, sophists taught the ambitious to succeed in politics, but persuasive oratory and clever reasoning do not instruct a man in the art of living. -Socrates central concern was the perfection of individual human character, the achievement f moral excellence. He believed that reason was the only proper involve to the most crucial problem of human existence the question of good and evil. -because wrong thinking?wrong doing -supplied a method of inquiry called dialectics in rede Athenians to think rationally about the problems. -the good life, the moral life, is attained by the exercise of reason and by the development of intelligence- this percept is the essence of Socratic teaching- made the individual the cen tre of the universe, reason central to the individual and moral worth the central aim of human life.

Biopsych Cold Pressor

Physiology of Behaviour Sex differences in physiologic responses of the rimy vasoconstrictive stress. Abstract This lab report aims to analyse the conjure differences in a physiological responses to a potenti totallyy aversive physiological stress inducing stimuli. This was conducted by a cold pressor test. 8 males and 8 egg-producing(prenominal)s participated. Heart rate, respiration rate, and galvanic scratch was recorded whilst participants undertook the CPT test. Results showed no signifi dropt differences that in that respect is a gender difference in experi workforcetal bring on stimuli of botheration. IntroductionTo severalize that male and females atomic number 18 biologically and physiologically the same is denying physical realitys differentiation takes place immediately as the male or female begins to develop within the womb. The charge hormones primarily oestrogen and testosterone throw away a signifi butt jointt impact on the behaviour of males and female s. Why do boys typically homogeneous to play with trucks and girls like to play with dolls? Feminists usually claim this is the result of socialization, but there is growing scientific evidence that boys and girls are greatly influenced by their several(prenominal) hormones.Within biological psychology the biology and physiological differences are studied thoroughly amid male and female. In biological psychology, physiological nuisance has been studied frequently. Furthering this, the differences among male and female botheration response and doorsill for pain restrain been measured in several experiments. twinge is often described as an awkward response to caustic stimuli. Different physiological responses take place when pain is perceived.The International Association for the Study of twinges widely used definition states wound is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. ( Bonica,1979) Pain motivates the individualistic to remove themselves from these unpleasant stimuli or situations, to protect the body. Pain is a part of the bodys defence system. Humans attempt to avoid similar aching and unpleasant experiences in the future. (Lynn,1984)Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal f the stimulus and apparent healing of the body and sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease. (Raj,2007) People report a pain doorstep and a pain allowance account. The pain threshold is the point at which sensation becomes pain, where as Pain adjustment is the amount of pain a person can handle without breaking down, either physically or emotionally. Men and women have reported over several studies different measures of pain threshold and pain valuation account in this following study I aim to review the literature between the sex differ ences of men and women in line with pain gross profit and pain threshold. preliminary tests for pain threshold and tolerance that have been used are the electric shock test, tooth pulp input, and tourniquet induced organisation (von Baeyer, 2007. ) The pain experiment that will be used in this lab report is the cold pressor test. The cold pressor test is a cardiovascular test performed by immersing the hand into an nut wet system container, usually for one minute, and measuring changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Its response is clinically indicatory concerning vascular response and pulse excitability.The cold pressor test has been used for several years as a means of measuring experimentally induced pain. The cold pressor test is a preferred method to experimentally induce pain. Even though inducing pain seems unethical, as it is a necessity for psychological research, this method is preferred. It does not cause any psychology damage, it does not cause any damage to t issue or limbs, and minimum means of stimulation is used in comparison to other experimental induced pain methods. Methodology needs to be clear and concise for take uping out the cold pressor test to be accurate.Temperature of the water is important to take into consideration when carrying out the cold pressor test, as temperature activates the sympathetic nervous system to release physiological responses. In a study researching the difference that the temperature of the water can make to the results showed significant outcomes. Twenty-six participants (12 men, 14 women) underwent 4cold pressortrials withtemperature order correct across 1C, 3C, 5C, and 7C,temperaturesrepresentative oftherange used in previous literature.Significant main effects of temperaturewere found for tolerance time, with hightemperaturesresulting in longer times, and pain intensity, with lowertemperaturesresulting in higher intensities. Gender differences were obtained, with men toleratingthestimulus for s ignificantly longer than women. Mitchell et al has found that water variations in CPT pain response in adults elicited by temperature variations of as little as 2C. The local warming changes the pain stimulus, enhancing the likelihood of longer tolerance.In conclusion, half-size differences in water temperaturehave a significant effect on pain intensity and tolerance time. Methodology has to be carefully followed to ensure that the water temperature does not change across the study as very minor changes in experimental protocol can produce significant differences in the cold pressor test. (Mitchell, 2004). Other measures can as well as be obtained from the cold pressor such as pain threshold and pain tolerance. (Lowery, 2006)This is done by requiring a participant to place their hand in the cold pressor for as long as they can.Once pain is present, they let the researcher know. Once the pain is unbearable, the participant removes his/her hand. This provides a measure of threshold (first feeling pain) and tolerance (total time minus threshold). Within the human race, the vast majority of studies obtained results that women are more sensitive than men to experimentally induced pain, as evidenced by the cold pressor test. (Dixon, 2004) In a meta-analysis of 17 studies, Riley et al (1998) found that the effect sizes for sex differences in pain threshold and tolerance were moderate to large.Nevertheless, different experimenters suggested that these sex differences might not be as strongly supported. (Berkley, 1997) In their 1995 review, Fillingim and Maixner summarized 34 human studies. In 24 of these studies, men exhibited less pain than women, but sex differences were reported in only one of several measures or conditions examined in 7 of the 24 studies. .) In 10 of the 34 studies, sex differences were not found. . (Fillingim, 1995). The menstrual cycle plays a big part in the explanation of gender differences of pain tolerance and threshold.Studies have antece dently shown that higher oestrogen levels produce a greater pain perception. One study analysed the difference utilize the cold pressor test where 22 female students participated at two different phases of the menstrual cycle (days 24 and days 2024). A control group of nineteen male students participated on two occasions, separated by a three week period were used. The results showed that men have a higher pain threshold than women, and women seemed to have a greater threshold for pain in the second period of their cycle. (Helstrom, B. amp Lundberg, U. 2000) After reviewing and assessing the literature relating to gender differences in pain victimisation the cold pressor test, we have decided to test the following 3 hypotheses 1. Females and males will differ in pain threshold. 2. Females and males will differ in tolerance to pain. 3. There will be sex difference in physiological stress response (as measured by heart rate, respiration rate, and galvanic skin response) Participants The participants used were a random sample of 8 males and 8 females within an age range of 18-23. The mean age was 20.No participants were wearing tights or garments that would disrupt the results of the physiological measures All subjects were assumed as English as a first language therefore understanding the instructions of the experiment. All subjects did not suffer from any medical issues outlined in the medical history form which included Reynauds Syndrome, high or low blood pressure, diabetes or epilepsy, recent injury or surgery, neurological illness, chronic pain or any type of pain that might influence the results of the experiment. Materials One bucket of iced water at 20% of ice and 80% of water.A towel was used, a biopac physiological recording unit, a computer, a thermometer, electrode pads, timers, and recording sheets. Procedure Experimenters set up the lab, got ice for the bucket and measured the temperature of the water being between 3-5 degrees using a thermomete r. The biopac was opened on the computer and electrode pads were set up to be take awayy for use. Participants were recruited, and asked to read the information sheets and sign the consent forms. Then the participants were brought into the lab where they were then hooked up to the biopac. Electrode pads were placed on the finger, wrist, and ankles.An experiment then explained to the participant the procedure. Participants were asked to take a deep breath when they heard the calibrate button, then a to relax for 2 minutes as a service line was taken. The participants were then told that they would place their pass on in a bucket of iced water. They were told when they began to felt pain say uncomfortable and when they could not uphold a further threshold to say stop. Participants were veneer away from the computer so they could not see the recordings. The experimenters then calibrated the biopac as the subject took a deep breath.The experimenters then recorded a baseline measuremen t of the participants GSR, Heart rate, and respiration. After 2 minutes the participants were then asked to place their hands in the ice bucket of water and the experimenters then measured tolerance and thresholdThe participants were then given a towl to watm their hands and they were debriefed. Experimenters then took note of the results from the GSR, heart rate and respiration rate from the baseline measurement, when the participant said uncomfortable and when the participant said stop. The data was then analysed through means of SPSS. Results Hypothesis 1When reviewing the overall mean for the differences in male and female response to pain threshold, there was different means found Females 28. 0 Males 45. 8. The conjecture that females and males will differ in pain threshold scores was tested by means of a t-test for independent group samples. The results were as follows t=1. 83 df=10 p0. 98, 2tailed. The hypothesis was therefore not upheld. There was no significant difference between the pain threshold scores and gender. Hypothesis 2 When reviewing the overall mean for the differences in male and female results for tolerance to pain the following means were obtained Females 110. Males 45. 8. The hypothesis that females and males will differ in tolerance to pain scores was tested inferentially by means of a t-test for independent group samples. The following results were obtained t=1. 16, df=10, p0. 273. The hypothesis was therefore not upheld. There was no significant difference between pain tolerance scores and gender. Hypothesis 3 A 2 way ANOVA was carried out to asses the sex differences in physiological responses. The results showed no significant differences in relation to sex differences in Heart Rate df=1, f=. 066, p=. 802, GSR- df=1, f=. 534, p=. 82, and Respiration rate- df=1, f=. 410, p=. 885 Discussion The results that were collected from the data did not support any of the 3 hypotheses. This can be due to several different reasons. Our result s were in line with several different studies, where sex differences were not found in pain tolerance and pain threshold. .) In 10 of the 34 studies reviewed, sex differences were not found to be statistically significant. (Fillingim, 1995). However, other studies have found that gender differences did support significant results. . In 24 studies reviewed by Riley et al, men exhibited less pain than women.Several variables in different studies have been taken into account which produces different outcomes of results. In several studies, it shows that starve can be important in the threshold and tolerance of pain. One study reported the effects of 2, 10, 14, and 24 hr. of food deprivation (hunger) and of 0, 2, 3, and 4 min. of cold-pressor stimulation. This study found that the kindred between intensity of hunger and level of autonomic response is not linear and that there seemed to be no gender difference between hunger and pain. (Engel, 1959). Personality factors have also shown in some studies to show a difference in pain perception.This study effects of personality and pain catastrophizing upon pain tolerance and pain ratings and to examine the impact of an experimental pain induction on subsequent ratings of catastrophizing. The results found were t that sex differences in catastrophizing and pain responsivity are partially accounted for by the dispositional tendency to describe oneself as emotionally vulnerable. Females tended to describe themselves more emotionally vulnerable than males resulting in males having a higher threshold for pain. (Thorn, 2004). fretting can also possibly play a part in the effects of a cold pressor test.It has been found that anxiety based situations can provoke a higher intensity of pain. In Jones (2002) they found that, contrary to previous results, that men had a higher rating of intensity of pain in anxiety provoked situations compared to women. A major issue that has been addressed in the introduction plays a big role to why women can possibly have a higher intensity of pain compared to men. Previous studies have found that it can depend what time in the menstrual cycle that women are in can have an effect on their ratings and perceptions of pain.The hormone oestrogen seems to produce a higher sensitivity to pain and when conducting the cold pressor test this is a serious issue to be taken into consideration. evaluated sex differences in response to cold pressor pain in normally menstruating women (NMW), women maintained on spoken contraceptives (OCW), and men. Testing occurred during 5 phases of the menstrual cycle. All participants completed 10 sessions (2 sessions per phase). During the cold presser test, participants immersed the forearm into water maintained at 4C, and pain threshold and tolerance were measured.The results were analysed and the study supports the notion that differences in pain perception between the sexes and among menstrual cycle phases are subtle. However, normally menst ruating women showed an increase in pain tolerance and threshold over repeated stimulation, whereas men only exhibited a minor increase in pain threshold, therefore it shows a sex difference in reception to repeated painful stimuli between men and women. Following our results, it is believed that our results could have been implicated due to the distractions of the participants.The cold pressor test was conducted in a lab where there was other cold compressor tests being conducted, therefore with the level of noise it was easy to be distracted. This can be an issue for methodology. A previous study has undertaken a study on how distraction can affect experimental pain results. The results were found that distraction had varying impact on different aspects of pain responding, and affectively soggy distraction during pain stimulation reduced the sensory pain ratings but not pain tolerance.Affectively neutral distraction may be used to neck a patients reaction to brief, painful stim ulation, but may not work in long term chronic pain (Hodes, 1990). Also as discussed in the introduction, temperature is an extremely important methodological factor when carrying out the CPT. In this experiment we found it very difficult to keep a perfect modulation of the temperature. Previous studies have shown that this minor glitch in the experiment can have an affective major impact on the results. Although water temperature only had risen to an tautological one degree, this should be still taken into account for the outcome of the results.Within our sample size, we obtained 16 subjects. (8 males and 8 females). Although the results are weighted, one can feel that this is too junior-grade a sample size to draw correct inferences and conclude from. In the future a bigger sample size should be obtained as there will be a greater sensitivity to the results and different results could possibly have an outcome. In continuation with the methodology implications of the participants , they should of not known what the experiment was about. round of the subjects stated after the experiment that they already knew this experiment via the media.Therefore, participants could of possibly tried to withstand a threshold for longer as they knew what exactly the experimenters were testing. As the experimenters were all female, in sociological aspects, men could have possibly pretended to not feel pain, in order to impress the experimenters. This can affect the results to an extent. There also could be an implication of anticipation of pain versus actual pain. If the subject is anticipating feeling pain, this can make them think that they feel more pain as they have psychologically believed that this experiment will amount to a certain level of pain.Even though some would conclude that inducing pain and stressors on individuals is ethically wrong, psychology needs a mean to test experimental pain for a growth in psychology. The cold pressor test was the best test to carr y out to induce pain as it does not cause any psychological or physiological harm, the participants control over the process (i. e. , their ability to absorb the limb), and the pain only mounts very slowly, the subject can withdraw their hand if it reached a level of any severe pain.After analysing and assessing various discursive points and implications of the study, this study can conclude that there are methodological implications within the cold pressor test. Different studies all have different outcomes on whether there is an actual sex difference within pain tolerance and pain threshold, and this can be due to different variables being used within studies. Further research should gain in the areas of the affect of a difference in water temperature, and anxiety provoked situations in relation to gender difference as there has been previously little research conducted.Berkley, K (1997) Sex differences in pain Behav Brain Sci, 20 pp. 371380 Dixon, K. E, Thorn, B. E, Ward, L. C (2004) An evaluation of sex differences in psychological and physiological responses to experimentally-induced pain A path analytic description Pain, 112 pp. 188196 Engel, B. T. (1959), Some physiological correlates of hunger and pain, Journal of experimental psychology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 389-396. Fillingim, R. B, Maixner, W. (1995) Gender differences in the responses to noxious stimuli Pain Forum, 4, pp. 209221 Fillingim, RB Wright, RA (2003). SexDifferences and Incentive Effects on Perceptual and Cardiovascular Responses to frigorific pressor Pain. Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2) 28491 Helstrom, B. & Lundberg, U. (2000), Pain perception to the cold pressor test during the menstrual cycle in relation to oestrogen levels and a comparison with men,Integrative Physiological & behavioural Science,vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 132-141 Hodes, R. L. , Howland, E. W. , Lightfoot, N. & Cleeland, C. S. (1990), The effects of distraction on responses to cold pressor pain, Pain, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 10 9-114. Jones, A. , Spindler, H. Jorgensen, M. M. & Zachariae, R. (2002) The effect of situation-evoked anxiety and gender on pain report using the cold pressor test, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 307-313. Lynn B. Cutaneous nociceptors. In Winlow W, Holden AV. The neurobiology of pain Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983. Manchester Manchester University Press 1984. Mitchell, L. A. , MacDonald, R. A. R. & Brodie, E. E. (2004), Temperature and the Cold Pressor Test, The Journal of Pain, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 233-238 Raj PP.Taxonomy and classification of pain. In Niv D, Kreitler S, Diego B, Lamberto A. (2007) The Handbook of Chronic Pain. Nova Biomedical Books Riley, J. L, Robinson, M. E, Wise, E. A, Mers, C. D,Fillingim, R. B (1998)Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli A meta-analysis Pain, 74 pp. 181187 Thorn, B. E. , Clements, K. L. , Ward, L. C. , Dixon, K. E. , Kersh, B. C. , Boothby, J. L. & Chaplin, W. F. 2004, Personality factors in the explanation of sex differences in pain catastrophizing and response to experimental pain,The Clinical journal of pain,vol. 0, no. 5, pp. 275-282 von Baeyer, C. L. , Piira, T. , Chambers, C. T. , Trapanotto, M. and Zeltzer, L. K. (2005). Guidelines for the Cold Pressor Task as an Experimental Pain Stimulus for Use With Children. Journal of Pain, Vol 6, No 4, pp 218-227 2 a b International Association for the Study of Pain Pain Definitions cited 10 Sep 2011. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage Derived from Bonica JJ. The need of a taxonomy. Pain. 1979 6(3)2478.

Synthesis

The idea of gender wage discrimination being widely practiced in the United States today is a difficult idea for many to swallow. With the allude be Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the realization of the existence of the gender wage gap surprises many Americans. These authors fill to the forefront the idea that there is more to the gender wage gap then just companies discriminating against women and minorities.They sight many sources with defined data including Burres and Zucca who looked at database information from 1992 through 1997 and confirmed that just over 3% of women held a position in the top 5 spots in most companies. Furthermore, the right for executives showed womens salaries were considerably lower than those of their male counterparts (Kennedy, Nagata, Mushenski, &Johnson, 2008, p. 13-14). This fact alone directly affects the productivity of the workplace, causing resentment and discontent with female employees.Add to the issue those wo men with disabilities and the percentages of discrimination raise a staggering fifty percent. The authors also showed evidence of wage discrimination against African Americans, adding to the argument that female African Americans are fighting an hitherto tougher battle then white women (Kennedy et al. , 2009, p. 14). The authors provide arguments as to why these wage differences still exist, sighting Hartmann, Gault, Lovell, Sinzdak, & Caiazza (2003) who claim the most prevalent reason is fewer hours worked.Women curb other responsibilities with family and home that pull them away from work, which in turn gives them less experience and training, justifying a lower salary. Even in the last 40+ historic period women have been working their way into male dominated positions, yet their wage is still 23. 5% lower than their male co-worker (Kennedy et al. , 2008, p. 15). Another argument is that of affectionate and professional networking playing a part in the wage differences. Most evidence leans toward the concept that networking is beneficial in securing higher paying positions.It also showed that white men were more apt to promote other white men than women or other minorities. Yet, women with powerful social or professional connections were also satisfactory to secure higher paying positions. Other minorities seemed to have lower socioeconomic status and thus had difficulty in obtaining higher paying positions (Kennedy et al. , 2008, p. 15-16). The authors also topographic point on the idea that women are less apt to boast about their accomplishments, or pat themselves on the back, effectively letting their superiors know about autocratic situations, or client successes.Women also tend not to negotiate salaries therefore leaving money at the negotiating table and keeping their salaries lower. There is also think of of the correlation between emotions and pay reviews, being that women respond to positive feedback with more satisfaction then that of mone tary compensation, thus failing to acquire the much deserved pay increase. These facts may address a small percentage of the wage gap, but in no way explain away the entire 23. 5% difference (Kennedy et al. , 2008, p. 8). If fighting the battle of wage discrimination isnt enough, then take a look at how the laws are written. Both the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 put the burden of cost and the difficulty of proof on the employee, making the chance of winning near impossible. The government needs to provide assistance to those facing this unjust, and assist at all levels, state and federal to enforce and prosecute those crossing the line (Kennedy et al. , 2008 p. 14).Equal pay to all could bring harmony and cooperation to the workplace, which could encourage higher production and increased revenue, proving that elimination of gender wage discrimination is a healthy form for the economy (Kennedy et al. , 2008 p. 14). All of these arguments play into the idea that if the gender wage gap was completely eliminated the economy and the government would benefit. Education, experience, networking and negotiating all play a part in the difference in pay, but as pointed out in this article, those arguments do not justify the 23. % variance. Equal pay also promotes women to a higher pay scale and removes many single parents from government assistance, in turn saving to government money. Higher pay and abolishment of gender wage discrimination pith more taxes, more discretionary funds available for spending, decreased resentment in the workplace and positive teamwork, which could result in higher productivity equate to a stronger economy.

Why a College Education Is Important to Me

heather mixture Keller AC1300869 EN110 Achieving Academic Excellence Assignment 5_06 Why a College facts of life is Important to Me April 17, 2013 The importance of an genteelness in todays society proves demanding and also essential. To understand the importance of education, we mustiness first understand what education entails. Education butt end be described as the process of study and applying the materials learned to everyday situations. Education plays an important design in our success in this ever changing world.As our economy explodes with some advances, the necessity for education grows considerably. As an adolescent in high inform we array to examine the significance of that of an education. Questions pertaining to our choice in a particular line of achievement field, the amount of salary that we desire, and the goals we deprivation to obtain may arise. The choice to pursue a college education can open numerous opportunities. withal a college education will i mprove your general success throughout life.In securing a future involving a college education, one must be dedicated to spending several hours to studying and obtaining realistic goals. The wagess to obtaining a college education are endless. For most individuals the surface cut advantage is a higher paying salary. According to the U. S. division of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, an individual with a bachelors degree earned much than twice as much as those without a high school diploma or equivalency.Opportunities for employment are in higher demand for those who demonstrate higher more efficient knowledge. The knowledge or skills gained from attending college with serve further guide you throughout life. With multiple occupational group opportunities available, college proves to be ripe to a persons success. Another advantage to having a college education is the individualized growth and ripening that a person acquires during this time. For myself, personal growth is a main factor for achieving my personal goals.Personal growth and instruction can be described in many different forms. Mental, physical, financial, and emotional are just a few examples. The sense of accomplishment or personal gain received from applying ones self, is an advantage all in its self. The importance of an education has been repeatedly express by several of historys inspirational leaders, such as asa dulcis Franklin. Benjamin Franklin stated Genius without education is the like silver in the mine. Also he stated An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. These adroit words are clear in their mean and hold a very inspirational thought. The rule for pursuing a college education is all to clear. The conclusion that arises from extended education has proven more beneficial compared to those of a high school graduate. Potential for go against career opportunities, higher pay salary, advancements in career fields and personal satisfaction are clear advantages to the importance of a college education. References Brainyquote. com Author Benjamin Franklin bug National Center for Education Statistics The Condition of Education 2012Why a College Education Is Important to MeHeather Keller AC1300869 EN110 Achieving Academic Excellence Assignment 5_06 Why a College Education is Important to Me April 17, 2013 The importance of an education in todays society proves demanding and also essential. To understand the importance of education, we must first understand what education entails. Education can be described as the process of learning and applying the materials learned to everyday situations. Education plays an important role in our success in this ever changing world.As our economy explodes with many advances, the necessity for education grows considerably. As an adolescent in high school we begin to examine the significance of that of an education. Questions pertaining to our choice in a particular career field, the amo unt of salary that we desire, and the goals we wish to obtain may arise. The choice to pursue a college education can open numerous opportunities. Also a college education will improve your overall success throughout life.In securing a future involving a college education, one must be dedicated to spending several hours to studying and obtaining realistic goals. The advantages to obtaining a college education are endless. For most individuals the clear cut advantage is a higher paying salary. According to the U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, an individual with a bachelors degree earned more than twice as much as those without a high school diploma or equivalency.Opportunities for employment are in higher demand for those who demonstrate higher more efficient knowledge. The knowledge or skills gained from attending college with help further guide you throughout life. With multiple career opportunities available, college proves to be beneficial to a persons success. Another advantage to having a college education is the personal growth and development that a person acquires during this time. For myself, personal growth is a main factor for achieving my personal goals.Personal growth and development can be described in many different forms. Mental, physical, financial, and emotional are just a few examples. The sense of accomplishment or personal gain received from applying ones self, is an advantage all in its self. The importance of an education has been repeatedly stated by several of historys inspirational leaders, such as Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin stated Genius without education is like silver in the mine. Also he stated An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. These ingenious words are clear in their meaning and hold a very inspirational thought. The rationale for pursuing a college education is all to clear. The outcome that arises from extended education has proven more beneficial compared to t hose of a high school graduate. Potential for better career opportunities, higher pay salary, advancements in career fields and personal satisfaction are clear advantages to the importance of a college education. References Brainyquote. com Author Benjamin Franklin Source National Center for Education Statistics The Condition of Education 2012

Employer †Employee Relationship Essay

Little dearest Company necessitate an additional programmer for a special project. The come with enters into a need with bloody shame to comp allowe this project. proficient as the project is nearing completion, initially an indie declarer as she had a high degree of fudge over how the work is accomplished, and enters into a contract bridge with the caller-out a new need arises for her services. She is asked to continue with the company to complete the new project. While completing the new project, the supervisor begins working more nearly with bloody shame and requires her to use company materials and equipment while adhering to company work schedules. Mary seems to be moving toward an at- allow employee position, because she appears to have less(prenominal) control over how the work is accomplished as she will probably have to answer to the supervisor, and use the companies materials and equipment and adhering to the company work schedules.After two years suggests at-wi ll employee because of the length of succession world 2 years, economical conditions force the company to make budget cuts. Mary is asked to leave as an employee, as she is obviously no longer working as an free-living contractor, when asked to leave the company. Thirty days later, a major contract is acquired by the company, which reinstates the need for Marys services as a programmer. However, the supervisor chooses to hire his equally-qualified full first cousin and not offer Mary the opportunity to return. The use of word hire implied that Mary had been an employee and not an autonomous contractor.Is Mary an independent contractor or an employee? Describe the factors that led to your determination.There are several criteria to obtain if Mary is a contractor or an employee. For example, one critical aspect to distinguish an independent contractor from an employee is the degree of control over how the work is accomplished. Initially Mary seemed to have more control than sh e did at the end, so it seems that she moved from being a independent contractor at the beginning to an employee over time. However, on that point are many factors to consider in making a determination as to whether a role player is an independent contractor or an employee.Some of these criteria includeWhether a distinct occupation or railway line isbeing performed e.g. programmer, so initially Mary was contracted as an independent contractor for a particularised project.The amount of supervision over the means by which the work is performed e.g. the supervisor begins working more closely with Mary and requires her to use company materials and equipment while adhering to company work schedules implies a move away from independent contractor towards an at will employee.The degree of skill required to perform the work e.g., programmer equally-qualified cousinWho provides the tools used to perform the work, and, e.g., requires her to use company materials and equipment while adher ing to company work schedules and thitherfore moving towards being an at-will employeeThe place where the work is done e.g. Mary is working in the office, the supervisor begins working more closely with Mary and requires her to use company materials and equipment while adhering to company work schedules suggesting an at-will employee position.Has the employer/employee relationship changed over the course of time? If so, how?As mentioned above, it did seem to change over time. It seems that initially, Mary could be considered an independent contractor because Little Lamb Company needs an additional programmer for a special project and Mary entered into a contract with the company. However, Mary was later asked to stopover on and began working close to the supervisor, who expected Mary to used the company materials and equipment, to follow the company work schedule, and was terminated at will when economic conditions demanded. Thus, Mary seemed to move from an independent contractor to an at-will employee.3) Was Marys release legal under the doctrine of employment-at-will? Why or wherefore not?This is murky water and it depends. If Mary had moved into an at will employee, then the doctrine of employment-at-will allows her employee to let her go without reason (however, they initially had a contract, which we look at in the next part of this mind below). In the scenario, it says Mary enters into a contract for the first project, however, makes nomention of a contract when she is asked to stay on (however, sometimes contracts are implied). For example, in most states of the United States all employees are considered at will employees. That means that the employer can terminate or change the employment relationship at will, unless there is a contract with the employer. In general, an employer can fire an at will employee, or change the employees position or compensation with no notice and no reason.Likewise, the employee can terminate his employment at will with out notice or reason. However, there are three possible legitimated reasons employee can challenge a wrongful terminationIf not, which of the following exceptions to employment-at-will have been violated? Why?a) Breach of public policy (Perhaps) Values, principles and grassroots rules that the courts and legislatures consider to be in the best bet of individuals and the general public. Employer violations of specific labor and employment laws cogency be called violations of public policy, instead of or in addition to violations of the specific laws. That is because it is in the best interest of all workers that all employers obey such laws. Public policy may be written or implied, and varies among states and municipalities. Consequently, whether or not an employer has violated public policy is often a matter of interpretation by a court or arbitrator (i.e., hired cousin instead of having Mary return).b) Breach of implied pledge of good faith and fair dealing. Probably not, becau se it is dealing with contracts and the question is dealing with at-will exceptions.c) Breach of implied contract (this is a possibility). Why? For example, in a contract between the employer and the employee, even in the absence of a starchy written employment agreement. For example, language in an employee handbook may promise all layoffs are ground on seniority or we give employees at least 2 weeks notice of all layoffs. Therefore, if Mary thins she is wrongfully terminated, as an employee she can challenge a wrongful termination for these legitimate reasons

Human Resources Management Essay

Activity 1 Understand the knowledge, scientific disciplines and behaviours requisite to be an effective HR practitioner1.1 Explain the knowledge, skills and behaviours required to be effective in an identify HR roleThe CIPD fixd an HR Profession Map which provides a framework for self-assessment activity which forms the basis of perpetual skipper Development. The map is suitable for anyone operating anywhere in the world and it has been designed to support HR professional persons at every stage of their c areer. It is a view on how the HR surgical incision functions and adds value to any organisation in all sectors no matter the shape or size. Through its simple and plastic structure the HRPM covers ten professional areas and eight behaviours and it is set out in four bands of competence. The HRPM was elaborated jump from two key professional areas Strategy, Insights & Solutions and steer and managing the function. Strategy, Insights & Solutions is at the core of HRPM beca use it grows actionable insights and outcomes, prioritised against deep business wittingness. The Leading and managing the function professional area provides active, insight-led leadership. The eight professional behaviours that HR practitioners contend in order to be effective and make a office to the success of the organisation are decisive thinker, skilled influencer, personally credible, collaborative, driven to reelect, courage to challenge and macrocosm a role model. There are different mixtures of behaviours that impinging to for each one professional area, but thither are no requirements as to what behaviours are required for a certain role however the four bands of professional competence allow for position the different levels of performance. The rung at batch 1 level are involved in support with administration providing primary line advice, effectively managing information. Mainly customer support focused, they follow agreed methodology and processes and are unremarkably flexible to change when new ideas are agreed. They defy knowledge about how to deliver high feel service, handle and resolve complaints and approach difficult customers. At this level of competence staff actively develops understand of the HR profession both in spite of appearance, and beyond the organisation and work positive with other areas of HR to deliver objectives. They search for advice from group leaders and colleagues in order to achieve objectivesand supply the organisation with ideas, observations and suggestions for expediencys when they become apparent. faculty at Band 1 plan and execute personal and professional development and are aware of the organisation structure, culture, values, operations and goals, its grasp of products and services and its customer base. The technical knowledge required for the role is met in professionals at this level of competence. They perceive the significance of how the component parts of HR combine together to cr eate an overall service for the business objectives. They comprehend how to work with others in HR to prioritise tasks and like duration to reach objectives.Professionals at this level of competence are confident inasking questions and seeking clarification, act and reflecting feedback on personal performance and using it to modify practice and plan development (curiosity) using preceding(prenominal) experience, standards, procedures and common sense to make decisions (decisive thinking) identifying the key points to broadcast, selecting the responsibility meat for the message and audience (skilled influencer) demonstrating a consistently strong disposition for action and a desire to succeed (driven to deliver) making a positive contribution to the team, supporting and coaching colleagues through their day-to-day work( collaborative) taking satisfaction in being considered trustworthy and legitimate by stakeholders and colleagues (personally credible) advocates personal, dep artmental and company values, processes and behaviour(positive role model) building relationships with colleagues in HR and with customersThe staff at Band 2 level has a clear understanding of the evaluation process and has the ability to resolve tolerable problems, where Band 3 acts as consultants, leading the professional area. They spend their fourth dimension in understanding the operational and business realities providing solutions. At Band 4 level are leading the function or professional area and are development and performance coaches for the hard issues. They develop the organisation and human resources strategies.Activity 2 Know how to deliver apropos and effective HR services to meet users demand2.1 Identify the motives of those using HR services inwardly an organisation and explain how conflicting demand are set and prioritisedIn order to deliver excellent customer service there are needed a mixture of both knowledge and skills. There is need of knowledge of the products and services supplied to the external customers for those services and products, the systems and procedures at heart the organisation and the network of internal customers. The HR department is a service department to a range of customers. These can be external customers such as legal or government agencies, or within an organisation, the internal customers are Employees (current and potential), Line Managers, Senior Managers and Directors. Employees need professional HR support from real throng partners and HR essential be responsive and clear about what services it offers. HR has to be blue-blooded to contact and able to respond quickly and effectively, able to motivate its customers in order to increase their dexterity (bonuses and promotions), because the success of any organization depends on the employees potential. Employees are the main asset of any organisation. They require hi-fi and on time pay and benefits, to be provided the motivation to work and shake offn the fortune for genteelness and development. Managers trust an HR function which understands the workforce and can booster manage the balance between employee and business needs. They need a proactive HR function which identifies issues before they happen and works with managers to address them. They would like HR to help them with their most challenging personnel issues including motivation, change and skills development. Line managers need to be supported by strong organisational values and they also need to feel confident that their own managers will treat them with respect. They need to be encouraged to reflect on their own behaviour and how they are perceived by those they manage and they need to understand their impact on motivation consequently on performance. The needs of employees and managers may sometimes be conflicting. For example, managers require tasks to be completed as quickly as possible with very ethical results whereas employees want more time in order to complete certain tasks. An effective HR department must use knowledge, diplomacy and confidence in dealing with both groups to find the right balance. A way of resolving these conflicts is to focus on the overall needs of the organisation by ensuring that employees with the right skill sets are recruited. The skills and abilities of the employee must be aligned to their job role and HR has to honour developmentand training to ensure productivity is reached and recognise people effectively with own selected ways of recognition. Despite the best efforts of HR departments there are some times when customers needs cannot be met. In this case fair reasons must be provided in a professional and sensitive way.2.2 Identify different methods of communication and explain the advantages and disadvantages of eachCommunication plays a very important role in the development of an organisation. Every task in any role in a Human Resources department calls for good communication and is the simpl est way to transfer of training information from one place to another. When a new employee is hired, good communication skills help pick the right person and make sure the person hired knows what the job involves. When training, coaching, or evaluating an employee superior communication will clarify the expectations from that person. When conflicts arise high standard communication skills resolve the issues without creating more.Good communication can help toimprove relationships and teamwork,boost performance and productivitysolve problems effectively,create an environment conducive to openness for others. spoken communication is one of the most effective means of communication. Oral communication is very easy and simple. besides it avoids time wasting. Spoken or Verbal Communication is required in situations like face-to-face meetings, promise, team briefings, conferences and seminars.Advantages of literal communication arethe opportunity for instant feedback to make sure the message was understood and the opportunity of making decisions without any delays the occasion to utilize nonverbal clues (tone, be language, inflection) the permission to make specific points in detail and elaborate on any that are unclear points are broken down and clear understoodthe offer to the recipients of undivided attention making them feel more important is very utilitarian when it comes to the transmission of very private and confidential information relatively cheaper means of communicationit can be achieved without the need of travelling to pass on with people outside the organization is particularly good when one wants to pack or motivate people into doing something. simplicity in identifying mistakes and correction of the ones already said However, there are several disadvantages and the main one is miscommunication. In other words, whatever the listener hears is often not what is meant. The simplest words, for example, have a different connotation for different p eople. The most important disadvantages of Verbal Communication are there is no formal record of transaction which could later cause problems if the verbal message is passed on on the hierarchy, then some distortions can occur during the process. lengthy and distant communications cannot be effectively conveyed verbally receiver may be in receipt of the message in his own perception and so misunderstand the intent of the message. spontaneous responses may not be carefully thought about.things like background knowledge noise could interfere during the transmission of information and render the information ineffective Using non-verbal communication (e.g. body language, gestures, eye contact and posture) is another efficient method of communication. Body language can transfer attitudes toward a sayer even before a word is said and can be used to commemorate the speaker engagement in the conversation. Non-verbal communications include facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the v oice, gestures which can feed in clues and additional information and meaning over and above spoken (verbal) communication.The advantages of non-verbal communication arepossibility to speak with a person who cannot hearit gives the chance to communicate in places where talking audibly is avoided ability to communicate from small remoteness without needing to raise the voice The disadvantages of non-verbal communication areimpossibility to carry out presbyopic conversationsthe variety from culture to cultureparticularities of messages cannot be discussed in detailthat it is not a useful neb for public communicationthat it is less influential than verbal communicationWritten Communication includes letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the meshing or via other media. Writing skills are an important part of communication. Good writing skills allow the possibility to communicate messages with clarity and ease to a far larger audience than through face-to-face or telephone conversation s.The advantages of written communication are as followsstrengthens and clarifies a verbal messageallows records to be kept for approaching referencemore reliable than oral communicationmore precise than any other means of communicationcan be stored for future analysiscan be easily distributed to recipients that are in different locations. Disadvantages associated with the written communication are that can take a considerable amount of time to produceinflexibilityfeedback is not immediateslows down the decision making processcan be very expensive to produce and to disseminate2.3 Describe how to build and maintain effective service rescue The HR professional ensures that the delivery of HR service and information to leaders, managers and staff within the organisation is accurate, efficient, timely and cost effective. Feedback and complaints are important as they give HR assistants the opportunity to improve themselves, their processes and services. When dealing with complaints in order to obtain a positive result the problem must be clarified and solution options must be identified. By solving customers problems, or fulfilling their needs loyalty and competitive advantage is being built.Activity 3 Be able to reflect on own practice and development needs and maintain a plan for personal development3.1 Explain the concept and importance of CPDContinuous Professional Development (CPD) is a combination of approaches, ideas and techniques that will help me to manage my own breeding and growth. The CIPD CPD principles are as followsdevelopment is continuous in the sense that members actively seek to improve their skills, knowledge and performance members memorialize an active interest in the internal and external environment and in the continuous development and improvement of self and others at both organisation and individual levels development is owned and managed by the individual, learning from all experiences, combined with reflection as a key activity3.2 Undertake a self-assessment of capabilities as an HR or L&D practitioner and identify development needs Studying CPD is important as it gives me a number of benefits and helps me to build my own confidence and credibility with employers CPD enables me totake steps to achieve my goals by focussing on my training and development be more productive and efficienthighlight my skills and achievements within a framework that is recognised by employers.3.3 Evaluate options to meet identified development needsAdvantages of distance learning aredoes not require commutingcan reflect from anywhere while act the education of my choice gain extra knowledgeself-paced learningDisadvantages of distance learning are pricey and complex technologyrequires advance planning and time management to get make sure assignments are done on time the hidden costsdoes not offer immediate feedbackdistance learning degrees may not be acknowledged by all employers distance learning does not give the opportunity to work on oral communication skills do not get the practice of verbal interaction with professors and other students societal isolationOverall saves you money and time as you can history learning around other aspects of your personal and professional life. You do not have to live in the same city or the same country to attend the learning institution of your choice. You can study wherever you have access to a computer and Internet connection. You can transfer the computer and Internet skills that you will gain in the process of your distance learning experience to other facets of your life. However social isolation is lessened with advances and use of communication technologies such as bulletin boards, threaded discussions, social networking, chats, electronic mail and video conferencing.

Career Guidance

WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE A COUNTRYS STANDARD OF LIVING? Judy Newsome Purpose Students go forth examine geographic nurture to pip inferences to the highest degree the factors that influence a countrys economic reading and standard of existent. Objectives The student will be able to 1. analyze information on a map to generalize a countrys economic status. 2. match geographic information and develop hypotheses about the economic development and standard of living in versatile countries. 3. examine geographic information to test hypotheses. 4. make inferences about other factors that influence the economic development/ standard of living of a country.Standards 1,11,15,16 Skills 1,2,4,5 Materials Maps showing resources Map of Africa Chart showing per capita gross national product Pictures to stimulate intervention Procedures PREPARATION 1. Label 10 x 13 size envelopes (3 per grouping) as follows group 1 envelope A Group 1 gasbag B Group 1 Envelope C. Repeat for groups 2 7. 2. C opy the attached duplicate of the vii individual countries seven times and make a hydrofoil of it. Cut out the seven map keys and hotshot copy of sever in ally individual country. Attach one country and the map key to half a sheet of construction paper and laminate if possible.Place country A in Envelope A for Group 1, country B in Envelope A for Group 2, etc. 3. Make seven copies of a blackline map of Africa and seven copies of a chart showing per capita gross national product figures for Africa. Mount the map and the chart on construction paper and also laminate, if possible. Place a copy of the map and the chart in Envelope B for apiece group. 4. Find pictures to represent the various factors to be discussed (as many as possible). You would need seven pictures to represent each factor (one for each group) or seven copies. Mount these on construction paper and laminate.Place pictures in Envelope C for each group. 71 GROUPS drainage atomic number 18a the class into groups ( up to 7). QUESTION Ask When you hear the term standard of living, what does it mean to you? After the Discussion, which should include the explanation of standard of living (see definitions), explain that the first factor that influences a countrys standard of living is the material riches as evidenced by a countrys natural resources and agricultural products. BRAINSTORM Distribute the 3 envelopes to each group but ask them not to open any of them until they are asked to do so.Tell them that Envelope A contains the map of an individual country and the map key. All names go been removed so that they will not be able to bring any prior knowledge to this activity. Have them open Envelope A and examine the map and the key. List the resources and products shown and then brainstorm about what can be do with those resources and products and how to obtain anything they need but dont have. (approximately 5 minutes) MAKE COMPARISONS Show transparencies of all seven countries. Let each gro up report. Write their finding on the hydrofoil beside the appropriate country or on the chalkboard.HYPOTHESIZE found on the brainstorming, which country is wealthiest? post them from 1 to (varies). (Depends on number of groups used). Write the ratings on the transparency. INTRODUCE phrase Explain that the reason you examined the resources and products of each country first is that a countrys resources and products influence the material wealth and thence the economic development and standard of living of a country. One measure of a countrys standard of living is per capita gross national product. Define per capita gross national product. (See definitions) EXAMINE MAP AND CHART Tell your groups to open Envelope B.Compare the map of Africa and identify the particular(prenominal) country they were working with. They should raise their hands and tell you so you can mark it on the transparency as soon as they find it. Then ask them to look up their countrys per capita GNP and com e it to the information already on the transparency. Now check your hypotheses. How do the countries really regularise? If all is well, you should have them rated incorrectly so you can point out that there are other factors that playa part. (See introduction. ) EXAMINE PICTURES In Envelope C, which may be opened now, you will find pictures related to a countrys standard of living.Take about 2 minutes to identify the factor each picture represents. Put a list on the oerhead and tell your groups that they are now going to draw some conclusions about these factors and how they influence a countrys standard of living. (If you made copies of pictures you may want to put the originals up in the room and/or make transparencies of them). 72 DRAW CONCLUSIONS Have groups discuss and come to some conclusions about how each of the factors influence a countrys economic development/standard of living. Then ask about any other factors they can withdraw of. See attached list as a hint but there may be others). VOCABULARY Economic systems the approach or technique that a country uses to deal with scarcity and accomplish its economic goals. Standard of Living -ca measure of the amount of good and services an individual or group considers essential to well-being. GNP or gross national product a measure of the value of all the good and services produced by a nation in a given time period, usually one yr. Per capita GNP GNP is divided by the population. The amount of money per person the people of a country or in a certain region earn.Life expectancy the average number of days people can be expected to live. Literacy rate the ratio of the number of people in a population who can read and write of the total number of persons in a population. Birth rate the ratio of the number of live births during one year to the total population, expressed as the number of births per year per 1000 population. Death rate (mortality rate) the ratio of the number of deaths during one ye ar to the total population, expressed as the number of deaths per year per 1000 population. child mortality rate the ratio consisting of the annual number of deaths of childs not over one year old to the total number of live births during that year. Infrastructure the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities indispensable to support industrial, and other economic development included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other prevalent utilities. Natural increase the number of births in a country minus the number of deaths race gain rate natural increase plus migration into a country minus migration out ofa country. o FACTORS INTRODUCED IN PICTURES . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Water (affects the economic and agricultural development) Sanitation (affects wellness and life expectancy) Health care (affects life expectancy, infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate) population growth (natural increase and population growth rate) Nutrition (a ffects health and life expectancy) Education (affects literacy rate) SOME OTHER POSSIBLE FACTORS 1. War 2. Infrastructure 3. Political instability 4. surroundings/topography 73 o L I o I I iii , I cc 400 600 , , 800 Miles I I 400 800 Kilometers 74 Activity 2 1 V cattle blacken Cocoa Coffee .. /Itt ?Diamonds FISh Gold . Grapes Iron Ore cJ e P8Irn Oil Peanuts strain Sheep e . it .0 a . Com Cotton Copper Oat.. I 1 dfI Lumber Oil Other metropolis IA , Tea Tobacco Identify each country based on shape and resources Note Shapes are accurate but country size is not to scale Wheat Capital 75 horse opera Sahara Tunisia Sudan Libya Morocco Egypt N. AFRICA Algeria 0. 25 9. 619 29. 49 . 5. 114 28. 778 68. 344 31. 471 173 state mid2000 (millions) 2. 86 1. 58 2. 16 1. 69 2. 48 1. 98 2. 36 2 Natural profit (annual %) 24 44 32 41 28 35 29 34 image m in eld 150 35 69. 5 37 33. 3 52. 44 51 Infant deathrate Rate 0 B C B B B B Data Availability edict 61 N/A 27 54 86 44 49 46 share urb an 47 69 51 69 75 65 69 64 Life anticipation at Birth, perfect 35 N/A 43 34 40 37 39 38 pct of Population of Age 15 2060 N/A 290 1240 1290 nla 1550 1200 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Population mid2000 (millions) Natural Increase (annual %) two-baser Time in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent urban Life anticipation at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USO Guinea Ghana Burk. Faso Cape Verele Cote dlvoirE Gambia W. AFRICA Benin 19. 534 1. 05 15. 98 0. 401 11. 946 6. 396 234. 456 2. 4 2. 41 2. 19 2. 82 2. 94 2. 83 2. 8 29 29 32 25 24 24 25 56. 2 cxxx 76. 9 112. 2 105. 3 93. 9 89 C C B B C B B 37 37 46 44 15 38 35 58 45 47 68 47 50 51 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 340 390 700 240 1200 380 340 7. 466 2. 38 29 98 26 45 3 530 N. AFRICA Population mid2000 (millions) Continued Natural Increase (annual %) multiply Time in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USO Nigeria Senegal Mali Mauritania Niger Liberia G. Bissau 10. 076 11. 234 2. 7 123. 338 3. 164 1. 213 2. 97 3. 23 3. 1 2. 72 2. 84 2. 22 25 23 21 22 24 31 123. 1 139. 1 122. 5 92 77. 2 130 C C C C C C C 45 26 54 17 22 36 50 53 54 41 45 52 4 4 3 2 4 3 410 200 160 N/A 250 300 9. 481 2. 79 25 67. 7 41 52 3 520 - Congo, Oem. Equatorial Guinea Congo Cameroon Cen. Af. Rep Chad MIDAFRICA Angola 0. 453 51. 965 2. 831 3. 513 7. 977 15. 422 Population mld2000 (millions) 96. 425 12. 878 2. 4S 2. 4 3. 19 3. 29 Natural Increase (annual %) 2. 58 2. 03 2. 96 3 28 29 22 21 two-bagger Time in years 34 27 23 23 108. 108 108. 6 109. 8 Infant Mortality Rate 96. 7 125 77 106 C 0 C B C Data Availability Code C 0 41 29 37 Percent Urban 44 39 22 32 32 48 49 50 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 48 55 45 47 49 43 48 43 Percent of Population of Age 15 44 43 44 46 48 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD 680 110 610 300 230 1110 320 380 Namibia South Africa MID_AFRICA Gabon Sao Tome S. AFRICA Botsw ana Lesotho 2. 143 1. 771 Population mid2000 (millions) 0. 16 49. 915 1. 576 continued 1. 226 2. 07 1. 667 Natural Increase (annual %) 3. 4 1. 3 1. 55 2. 16 33 45 42 Doubling Time in years 20 52 32 84. 5 68. 3 57. 50. 8 51 Infant Mortality Rate 87 C B B Data Availability Code C C B Percent Urban 16 49 73 44 42 27 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 53 64 54 44 46 52 Percent of Population of Age 15 47 41 35 41 44 39 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD 270 570 4170 3100 3070 1940 I 43. 421 1. 27 55 45. 4 i 45 551 34 3310 ( S. AFRICA Populatlon mld2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) Doubling Time in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent- Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Swaziland 1. 004 1. 5 37 107. 7 C 22 38 47 1400 - N. AFRICA Population mid-2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) Doubling Time in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Bi rth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Sierra Leone Togo E. AFRICA Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea 5. 019 246. 235 0. 578 0. 638 5. 233 6. 054 2. 78 2. 64 3. 07 2. 4 2. 28 2. 49 23 25 26 29 28 30 79. 7 157 102 74. 8 77. 3 115 C C B 0 C C 31 37 20 29 8 83 49 45 46 59 48 47 . 48 3 45 42 3 41 370 N/A 140 30 140 4. 14 2. 9 2 1. S 1e 55 43 200 Population mid-2000 . (millions) Natural Increase (annual %) Doubling Time In years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD E. AFRICA continued Madagascar Malawi Mauritus Mozambique Reunion Kenya Ethiopia 30. 34 14. 858 1. 189 19. 105 10. 385 64. 117 2. 105 2. 943 2. 19 2. 4 1. 91 1. 05 33 29 24 36 66 32 73. 7 96. 3 126. 8 19. 4 133. 9 116 B C A B B C B 20 43 28 15 22 20 49 46 52 39 70 40 N/A 46 45 26 45 46 46 350 260 100 3730 210 210 N/A 0. 716 1. 1 49 9 73 30. E. AFRICA Population mld-2000 (millions) continu ed Natural Increase (annual %) IDoubling Time in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Seychelles Somalia Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe 0. 082 7. 229 7. 253 35. 306 23. 318 9. 582 2. 29 1. 07 2. 87 2. 86 2. 88 1. 96 65 30 24 24 24 35 120. 9 8. 5 125. 8 98. 8 81. 3 109 0 0 B C B B B 5 59 24 20 15 38 39 N/A 46 53 42 37 28 45 44 49 45 45 6420 N/A 230 220 310 330 11. 343 1 69 80 32 40 44 620