Managing Innovation by Cross-Functional Teams Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Today, innovation has become a source of organization competitive advantage. Companies that innovate have created a competitive advantage. Kanter (1995:71) on his work of Mastering Change argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995), such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organization s ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view itself and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). By working in this area, this paper seeks to bridge the knowledge gap and to spur other organizations on how and why innovation takes place in a cross-functional team. Chapter 2: Here I will carry out a literature review on existing research within the area of investigation. ( Innovations and cross-functional team, history, methods, mot ivation, ) I am also going to look at two streams of theories within this area (industry shock theory and the corporate control theory) to enable me to take a stand. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Innovation by Cross-Functional Teams or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now All work to be reviewed will be from per review journals published within the last ten years in business source premiere and science direct. Relevant theories on supply chain management and innovation within this dimension will be analyzed. Chapter 3: In this chapter, I have presented my methods and choices made during the discussion and work process and those connected with the decisions and research process. Chapter 4: In this chapter, I have presented the raw data collected with respect to my sample institutions. That is information relating to innovation and competitive advantage which will be analyzed in the subsequent chapter, chapter five. The chapter opens with a presentation of the institutions and information collected during the survey process.

The And Implementation Of Rapid Response Teams - 1470 Words

Much like the human body, healthcare is a complex system that must be assessed and reviewed routinely to identify the dysfunctions or parts that are in need of intervention. It is the job of nurses, doctors and other healthcare professionals to recognize and communicate when there is a need for change or improvement in order for patients to receive the highest standard of care and optimal health outcomes. The creation and implementation of Rapid Response Teams were one of the many strategies initiated in the 100,000 Lives Campaign (2004) instituted by the Institute of Healthcare Improvement (IHI) in effort to reduce morbidity and mortality in the United States health care system. Rapid Response Teams (RRT) are groups of specialized,†¦show more content†¦According to Carlo Parker, the literature suggests that RRT’s are underutilized either by delayed activation or failure to activate entirely. This underutilization is shown to lead to failure to rescue. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between nurses’ decision-making model during RRT activation and the frequency of the RRT activation (Parker, 2014). Lauri and Salantera (2002) have identified three decision-making models that are utilized by nurses to make clinical judgments based off of information processing and intuitive-humanistic theories (Parker, 2014). The first model is the ana lytical decision making, which involves the collection of data, forming a hypothesis and continuing to collect data until a decision has been reached (Parker, 2014). Secondly, the intuitive decision-making is â€Å"understanding without rationale† (Parker, 2014). The third model is a combination of the analytical and intuitive decision-making. The registered nurses (RN) who participated in this study were from an acute care unit who had activated the RRT at least once in the past 12 months. The RN’s were between the ages of 24-57, 91% were female, 63% of them held a baccalaureate or master’s degree in nursing and the average time working as an RN was 10 years (Parker, 2014). The results of the studyShow MoreRelatedCode 1001410 Words   |  6 Pagesexcellence, capstone quality award, just to name a few (St Elizabeth Hospital,2010). For the purpose of this paper I will discuss the project I worked on with my mentor because it is a portion of a larger project that will include implementing a Rapid Response Team and Mock Codes to increase the quality of care, decrease the incidents of Code Blue outside of ICU and patient morality at the facility. 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She has worked at Botsford for thirty-four years, five of those years she served on the rapid response team with three years as a clinical coordinator. As a clinical coordinator, she is responsible for staffing, problem solving, delegation of beds, and serves as a reference for employees. As a rapid response nurse she responds to any calls throughout the hospital where a patient needs additionalRead MoreThe Crisis Management Lesson From Toyota And Gm1097 Words   |  5 PagesToyota and GM: â€Å"It’s Our Problem the Moment We Hear About It† †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Delay in confronting crises is deadly. Corporate leaders must have processes for learning of important safety issues. Then they must seize control immediately and lead a systematic response. Crisis management is the ultimate stress test for the CEO and other top leaders of companies. The mantra for all leaders in crisis management must be: â€Å"It is our problem the moment we hear about it. 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Adverse events as the result of undetected and ineffective management of patient deteriorations, such as the death of Sydney teenager Vanessa Anderson in 2005, initiated the inquiry into the issue and subsequent implementation of the ‘Between the flags program’ across NSW to prevent further unnecessary harm from occurring to other hospital patients (Hughes, Pain, Braithwa ite Hillman, 2014). The literature surrounding this issue in the Australian context is still

Training Staff

Question: Howto analyze two poplar notebooks in a detail way so that it can able to depict the best suitable machine for the training staff? Answer: Technological evaluation has enforced organizations to restructure their business operation process. It induces organization to utilize technologies like portable computers, smartphones so that employees can able to perform their job responsibilities from any locations. Thus, it not only helps the employees to perform their responsibility more effectively but also helps organization to complete their entire task within the given timeframe. Therefore, the report will focus on HP Notebook - 15-AC647TU and Microsoft Surface Pro 4 in order to assess the best possible one for the organization. Purpose: The purpose of this report was to analyze two poplar notebooks in a detail way so that it can able to depict the best suitable machine for the training staff (Sigmar, Hynes Hill, 2012). Apart from analyzing the user-friendly attitude of these notebooks, the report also wants to analyze which one of these notebooks can be carried easily. Since, training staffs often have to carry their notebooks to various client locations. Scope: Since, the prime purpose of the report was to analyze the best possible notebook for the training staffs so that they can able to carry it easily to the several client locations. It provides scope for the report to analyze its use on the corporate sectors as well as the features that can benefits corporate operations. Method: For gathering information, the report has utilized Australian PC Authority magazine as well as other business magazines as well (Bargiela-Chiappini Nickerson, 2014). The information relevant to these selected notebooks is also collected from the company websites. The report has considered company Limitations: The report has assessed few limitations for both the selected notebooks. The limitations are mentions as follows:à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ Additional information apart from those which are provided in the company websites are very difficult to accessà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ Very minimum availability of both the notebooks in the local retail stores which induces organization to become more biased towards the online purchaseà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ The report has also found that proper information regarding the up-gradation of the software packages which eventually creates obstacles in assessing the best possible notebooks for the trainers Assumptions: The report has assumed that all the necessary software that are required for the organization to fulfill their task (Rogerson-Revell, 2014). Especially, the software package that is necessary for the trainers is included in both the devices. Thus, the report has considered that the company will able to utilize both the devices for the providing training purpose. In addition, as every employees in the organization are well equipped with the advance new technology, the report has assumed that implementation of either of these selected device will not create any difficulties in the organizational process (Meredith, 2012). The report also assumes that warranty period for these two selected device are same so that it does not provide any advantage at the time of assessment. Background: Since, the prime purpose of the report to is to identify the best possible notebook for the organization that can provide help to the trainers to provide effective training for the convenience at the convenient places of the client (Mai Hoffmann, 2014). The organization will have to focus more on the training perspectives, as it will help the organization to conduct businesses with the clients much more effectively. Findings: The report has gone through an in-depth analysis in order to asses both the selected device. As mentions earlier, the report has utilized several tools and techniques in order to gather accurate information about both devices (Cardon Marshall, 2015). The findings for the selected devices are as follows:2.1 HP Notebook - 15-AC647TU: Cost: $384 Weight: 2.1 Kg Size: (W x D x H) 157 x 175 x 24.3 mm Screen size: 15.6" Clarity of screen image: Very high resolution, set at 1366 x 768 pixels. The high resolution allows people to see all the details. However, at the same time, it is very easy on the eyes. RAM: 4 GB, RAM can be raised to a maximum 8 GB for $1140 Disk Drive: CD-ROM and 500 GB Speed of the CPU: 1.6GHz Intel Pentium Quad-Core N3700 Battery capabilities: Li-ion battery 4 cell. Therefore, it is expected that the smart battery will able to fulfill the requirement of the organization. However, the report has highlighted that organization will able to utilize the device in a much m ore effective way if the battery life of device could have been a little higher (PC Tech Authority. 2016). Service agreements and warranties: the report highlighted that two years warranty for each parts Microsoft Surface Pro 4: Cost: $899 Weight: 766 grams Size: (W x D x H) 292.10 x 201.42 x 8.45 mm Screen size: 12.30" Clarity of screen image: The report identified that resolution of the device is set at the level 2736x1824 pixels (PC Tech Authority 2016). Therefore, the device is capable of describing every detail. However, like the previous devices, this particular device is also very easy to the eyes. Thus, it will allow the users to utilize the device for a longer period of time. RAM: 8GB, upgrade available, $242 for 16 GB. Disk drives: 256 GB drives are available for this particular device. Therefore, the report assess that memory device is comparatively lower than other device. Speed of the CPU: this particular device utilize an extremely newly version of the core m3 processor that allows multitasking in a smother way (Kankaanranta Lu, 2013). In addition, it is also very capable of implementing any software that can allow the trainers to conduct training session in an effective way. Battery capa bilities: - 2.5 hours from a lithium-ion battery Service agreements and warranties: for this particular device, the organization has provided three years guarantee. Therefore, it will comparatively provide more assistance to the organization to conduct the training program effectively. Initial cost: The report assess that the price difference between the selected two devices is significant (Chumikov et al., 2016). As a result, organizations will have to keep in mind before the selection of any particular device for training purpose. From the cost perspective, it is obvious that Microsoft notebook will have additional features as compared to HP products. Weight and size: From the above table it can be assess that HP notebook is comparatively heavier than the Microsoft product. Therefore, it can be observe that Microsoft notebook can be easily carried over different places according to the client requirements in order to implement training program effectively. Furthermore, lightweight of Microsoft notebook will allow easy use for the users (Crews Stitt-Gohdes, 2012). Screen size: The above table highlighted that HP products has the advantage. Since, it has the larger screen size as compared to Microsoft Notebook. In addition, Guffey Loewy (2012) mentions that larger screen allows to implement training program effectively, as it has the potential to provide greater view to the learners. Furthermore, larger screen size creates lesser strain to the eyes when it had to be use for a longer period of time. Thus, it might induce organization to select HP notebook for the implementation in the training program. Clarity of screen size: However, the above specification highlights that screen resolution of Microsoft notebook is much higher than the HP notebook. Therefore, it is obvious that Microsoft notebook will able to provide high quality visualization for the clients. Hence, it also can provide benefit to the training program that the organization is looking to implement at the different location according to the client convenience. Hard disk and RAM size: From the above table, it can be assess that the RAM in the HP notebook is just 4 GB as compared to the 8 GB RAM in the Microsoft notebook (Okoro Washington, 2012). Thus, it is expected that Microsoft notebook will able to provide much faster implementation of any given task which is necessary for the effective implementation of the training program.However, the above mention specification also highlights that hard disk or storage device is far higher for the HP notebook as compared to the Microsoft one. Thus, it reflects that HP notebook will allow organization to store more important information than Microsoft device. As mentions by (Sigmar, Hynes Hill, 2012) higher storage device is essential for the corporate usage. Since, many important notes or document will have to be stored in such a way so that it can be accessed at any given point of time. Speed of the CPU: From the above specification, it can be assess that Microsoft notebook is far more advance as compared to the HP notebooks. Therefore, Microsoft notebook will allow the organization utilize the training program in a much more effective way (Berry, 2013). However, the CPU of HP notebook is also a high quality product that has the capability to perform several tasks at a given point of time. Nevertheless, if the comparison is made on the selected two notebooks, Microsoft notebook will have the upper hand. Battery capability: The above mention specification highlights that battery backup of both the selected devices are almost same. Therefore, it will not provide any advantage to any of the selected devices. However, both the selected devices have 2.5 hours of battery backup (Wang, 2013). Thus, it is not up to the expected level of the organization. Warranties and service agreements: From the above table, it can be assess that Microsoft is providing three years of service warranty as compared to HPs two years. Thus, it will automatically influence the organization to select Microsoft notebook for the implementation of the training program at the selected client places. However, HP also provides two years of warranty for the every parts of the device. Conclusion: After the investigation of both the devices, it can be assess that Microsoft notebook has greater advantages that the HP notebooks. Since, the above assessment highlights that Microsoft has higher specification in the most of the categories. Therefore, it will automatically induce organization to select Microsoft notebook for the training program. However, as mentions earlier HP device is much cheaper as compared to the Microsoft device. Therefore, it is expected that HP will not able to provide specifications as compared to Microsoft device. However, from the specification of the HP device it can be assessing that it will able to provide proper help to the training program for the organization. Recommendation and implementation: The recommendation of the report as follows:à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ Organization firstly will have to consider the factors that it will need to consider before selecting the device for the training program. Since, if organization priorities cost over the specification, HP notebook will have to be selected by the organization. On the other hand, if organization priorities quality over the price, it will have to select Microsoft device over the HP one.à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ For the full utilization of the devices, the organizations will have to provide proper net connection to the employees. Since, proper implementation of the training program will require video conferencing, online call with clients and employees that cannot be possible without proper net connection. References: Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C. R. (2014). Writing business: Genres, media and discourses. Routledge.Berry, P. (2013). The impact of globalization and technology on teaching business communication: reframing and enlarging world view, methods, and content. American Journal of Business Education (Online), 6(1), 57.Cardon, P. W., Marshall, B. (2015). The hype and reality of social media use for work collaboration and team communication. International Journal of Business Communication, 52(3), 273-293.Chumikov, A., Korolev, V., Meskon, M., Albert, M. (2016). BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT OF PROJECTS. à Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã… ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚  à Ã… ¡Ãƒ Ã… ¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å"à Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ ¯, 166.Crews, T. B., Stitt-Gohdes, W. L. (2012). Incorporating Facebook and Twitter in a service-learning project in a business communication course.Business Communication Quarterly, 1080569911431881.Guffey, M. E., Lo ewy, D. (2012). Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning.Kankaanranta, A., Lu, W. (2013). The evolution of English as the business lingua franca signs of convergence in Chinese and Finnish professional communication. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 27(3), 288-307.Mai, R., Hoffmann, S. (2014). Accents in business communication: An integrative model and propositions for future research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(1), 137-158.Meredith, M. J. (2012). Strategic communication and social media an mba course from a business communication perspective. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(1), 89-95.Okoro, E. A., Washington, M. C. (2012). Workforce diversity and organizational communication: Analysis of human capital performance and productivity. Journal of Diversity Management (Online), 7(1), 57.PC Tech Authority. (2016). PC Tech Authority. Retrieved 5 July 2016, from https://www.pcauthority.com.auRogerson-Revell, P. (2014). Pronunciation matters: U sing English for international business communication. Pronunciation Matters Accents of English in the Netherlands and Elsewhere, 137.Sigmar, L. S., Hynes, G. E., Hill, K. L. (2012). Strategies for teaching social and emotional intelligence in business communication. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(3), 301-317.Wang, J. (2013). Moving towards Ethnorelativism: A Framework for Measuring and Meeting Students' Needs in Cross-Cultural Business and Technical Communication. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication,43(2), 201-218.

Survival Of The Fittest Essays (1325 words) - Charles Darwin

Survival Of The Fittest Chaim H. Respes IH 52 Term Paper Natural Selection to Survival of the Fittest Charles Darwin felt strongly that observations made on large scale explorations such as his voyage on the Beagle showed conclusively that many clearly different organisms, animals as well as plants, were related to one another buy some unknown law. In other words Darwin was trying to prove that evolution existed. However Darwin does outline how a purely natural process of selection could produce similar effects, and thus explain the development of new species without reference to supernatural intervention. Taking that into consideration, I believe that by Natural Selection Darwin is trying to portray the struggle for existence and adaptation for survival among living things. With Natural Selection, Darwin used this term to explain the casual mechanism, which is responsible for the operation of his theory. He would go about and abandon his term in favor of the term Survival of the Fittest. Although he received criticism from so many of his peers for using Natural Selection, the term is quite important because virtually all biologists used it as the explanation for the mechanism. A main reason why Natural Selection was not very popular was because evolution requires enormously long periods of time, that the everyday experience of human beings provides them with no ability to interpret such histories. Looking at Darwin's position, Survival of the Fittest had a great meaning on the struggle for existence and Darwin's emphasis on abundance. First looking at Survival of the fittest, it's a phrase that describes the outcome of a competition where there is no possibility of predicting the outcome in advance because of the complexity of the conditions of the competition. It describes only the effect or outcome of an event by its very nature and regardless of the situation in which it is used. For example, if it were used to describe the outcome of an auto race such as the Nascar, using the term, It will be survival of the fittest would indicate that the victor would be unknown until the end of the race. Similarly, if discussing the survival of a business in a collapsing economy or perhaps the survival of a race of people during fierce wars would indicate that nothing would be known about the outcome until the end of the particular event. Secondly Survival of the Fittest was used extensively because it was a better, more descriptive, explanation of the mechanism of which evolution occurred. The term contains an implicit assumption that survivors are an improved form of organism compared to those, which do not survive. Although intelligence is a key to improvements it is not however true for the field of biological reproduction. There is no human intelligence available to weed out the defectives and alter the process toward a more desirable end. As more individuals are produced that can possibly survive, there must in every case be a struggle for existence, either one individual with another of the same species, or with the individuals of distinct species, or with physical conditions of life. Keeping that in mind, I came upon one of the greatest mysteries of biological history, the vanishing of the dinosaurs. Here Survival of the Fittest plays a routine role because the fittest were some form of bacteria. Does that mean that the smaller the organism the more chances of it to survive? A look at the fossil record shows that 99.99% of the survivors were simpler organisms and the survivors that we know of today are not the 0.01% of survivors that are more fit from a complexity standpoint and thus prove the methodology of the theory. So what does the term fittest mean? It is speculated that the term fittest refers to an organism which has the best capability for acquiring and using all the available nutrients, all while developing or having a capability of fending off physical threats to its existence. However this concept would indeed be an explanation for a certain type of organism. For example, there are many coral deposits throughout the world, some which are immense in size such as the body coral, which is currently in Florida. Unfortunately marine coral is really not an organism, but

Television and violence

Television and violence The Tidusville population associates television with violence according to the statistics results. The KTDS management had earlier on received complaints over the high level of violence in the programs aired.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Television and violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, they associated this claims with political influence, however, they did not seem genuine. Moreover, according to the statistic test results, the number of hours one spends watching the television contribute to their perception on violence. The respondents, who watched television for about 23hours considered the programs as â€Å"not very violent†; however, from those who watched television for less than 13 hours in general, they gauged television programs from too violent to violent. In this case, violence tendencies are aroused by the time spent watching programs with violence, but 1 to 2 hours per day are ideal (Centerwall Para. 2). However, Cline, Croft, and Courier (363) claim that children with less exposure to television programs tend to get more aroused to violence than those with high exposure. From this claim, it can be concluded that although everybody is likely to get violent, the length that such arousal to violence lasts depends on the level of exposure to television programs. The results further showed that marital status and age had nothing to do with one’s perception on violence in television. Therefore, it is clear that violence in the programs aired has increased, and it has little to do with political influence, despite the fact that politicians will use this factor to lure people into voting for them. The KTDS management should react to the problem, not for the benefit of the politicians but for the whole population, since a successful business caters for the needs of all customers. The Tidusville population should be enlightened on the importance of som e programs aired. Such programs may involve violence but have valuable lessons towards the end.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recommendation Having viewed the statistical results, it is clear that the level of violence has increased in relation to television programs. Additionally, prior Chris’s assumption that these complaints could be politically mobilized is also a fact. However, for the sake of customers, the management should act fast. First, they should reduce the programs that are related to violence during the day, since most children are present especially when schools close. These programs should be aired at night when children are asleep, since most adults understand that programs are only fictional and they can be hardly influenced by them. The main aim of starting a business is to make profits and attract customers; therefore, the KTDS mana gement should ensure that all its customers’ needs are catered for. Therefore, they should consider reallocating the programs to different timelines to fit the viewers. Another strategy that the management should put in place is advertising the upcoming programs before they are aired, and insert the suitable age recommended for viewing. The management would go an extra step by airing such programs after 9pm, as most people are asleep, and only the a few interested people will watch the programs. Since the results showed that women considered television programs more violent than men did, the management can lure women with soap operas before they air other programs. Limitation The Pearson’s chi-square technique that was used in determining one’s perception of violence in regards to gender is favorable, as it concluded that women viewed television program more violent that men. This techniques tests goodness of fit and independence. The wilcoson rank test provides assumptions such as independence; this technique can be used as an alternative when population cannot be assumed. However, this technique is not effective when an assumption violated. The CI on a proportion technique works well, as it indicates that a degree of confidence cannot be less than 92%, hence containing an exact proportion. In spite of working with a small number of respondents than expected, the study proved fruitful. The above techniques used vary; however, they have provided a quality rationale for this study.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Television and violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Centerwall, Brandon. Television and Violence: The Scale of the Problem and Where to Go From Here. JAMA, 267(22). 1992. 09 August 2011. https://www.cursor.org/ Cline, Victor, Croft, Roger and Courier, Steven. Desensitization of Children to Television Violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27 (3); 360-365. 1973. 09 August 2011. https://psych.utah.edu/

Business Communication skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Communication skills - Research Paper Example According to Evans et al (1998, Pp. 53) â€Å"The most English-medium communications in business are non-native speaker to non-native speaker (NNS - NNS) and the English they use is International English†. Thus, it is extremely essential to impart proper training to non native speakers in Business English (which is different than General English) in order to facilitate smoother business relations and participate in international business ventures on account of their English speaking skills. Although it is difficult to define the term Business English Pickett, (1986, Pp. 16) states that business English communication has several facets one of them being the fact that it is "lot nearer to the everyday language spoken by the general public than many other segments of ESP† Despite its importance and growing popularity, Business English communication still remains a largely ignored area, in the sense that it still lacks proper structured and professional courses which imparts training and education to adults. There is an urgent need for a well recognized universal foundation of business language similar to one observed in academic English communication, which is much more organized with a comparatively well-accepted semi technical lexis and grammar which is an inevitable aspect of the EST textbooks (Bates, Dudley-Evans, 1976; Donovan, 1978; Allen, Widdowson, 1974). However, Pickett (1989, Pp.6) believes that the very nature of Business English as a "mediating language between the technicalities of particular businesses and the language of the general public" (Pickett 1989, Pp.6) which suggests that there cannot be a simply definable structure of lexis and grammar which strives to differentiate Business English from other forms such as English for Gener al purposes or academic purposes. Oral communication at the workplace - which includes formal

Financial Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Plan - Assignment Example Vending machine being the most important asset is the first to be purchased. A vendor machine cost 200 and purchases for fifty machines were made and distributed at each location. Products provide are; meals, drinks and snacks at each vendor. As I begin, drinks are bought at four dollars and sold at five dollars realizing a profit of a dollar per drink. Meals are bought at .75 and sold at a dollar similarly to snacks realizing a profit of a .25 dollar per meal and snack. The units per the product served rise at a half percent in semiannual basis during the five year period. After every 6 months we increased purchases by half of the previous period up to the third year. For the fourth year and fifth year, the purchases were 400 units, 2000 units and 2000 units per month for meals, snacks and drinks respectively. This help account for business growth and development of the business. At the starting periods many variable assets are inclusive thus the reason of lower starting stock, as p rogress is made profits are realized within the period thus on the third year we replaced 10 vending machines that were